Breast cancer characteristics.

Background
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Mexico, and the outcomes for patients are often poor. Futility in healthcare (FHC) occurs when treatment fails to achieve its intended goals, resulting in negative consequences. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of female patients in Mexico with advanced-stage breast cancer (ABC) who perceive FHC. Additionally, we inform the development and validation of a questionnaire (FHC-Q) to assess this phenomenon.
Patients and methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 17, 2024, to December 30, 2024, in three phases. It involved three convenience samples (S) of adult women with ABC: S-1 (n = 30), S-2 (n = 201), and S-3 (n = 257). Phase 1 focused on constructing the FHC-Q, evaluating its content validity (expert agreement), and conducting a pilot test to assess its feasibility, all within S-1. Phase 2 involved assessing the questionnaire’s reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability), construct validity (correlations between FHC-Q and DASS21 scores, along with exploratory factor analysis), and criterion validity (correlations between FHC-Q and SF-36 scores), all in S-2. Phase 3 estimated the FHC phenomenon in S-3. The definition of FHC was established using the Delphi method.
Results
Participants represented typical female Mexican patients with ABC. The FHC-Q comprised 16 items distributed into five dimensions. The FHC-Q demonstrated feasibility and validity, with expert agreement of ≥80% and a five-factor structure explaining 57.8% of the variance. Correlations between the FHC-Q, DASS21 and SF-36 scores were significant and low to moderate. The FHC-Q reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.766 and an ICC of 0.845 (95% CI: 0.735–0.909).
FHC was perceived by 3.9% of the participants
Conclusions
FHC was perceived by a minority of Mexican women with ABC stages. The FHC-Q was valid, reliable and feasible to assess the phenomenon in the target population.