Food production and biodiversity are not incompatible in temperate heterogeneous agricultural landscapes

We need landscape-scale approaches to design and manage agro-ecosystems that can sustain both agricultural production and biodiversity conservation. In this study, yield figures provided by 299 farmers served to quantify the energy-equivalents of food production across different crops in 49 1-km2 landscapes. Our results show that the relationship between bird diversity and food energy production depends on the proportion of farmland within the landscape, with a negative correlation observed in agriculture dominated landscapes (≥ 64–74% farmland). In contrast, neither typical farmland birds nor butterflies showed any significant relationship with total food energy production. We conclude that in European temperate regions consisting of small-scale, mixed farming systems (arable and livestock production), productivity and biodiversity conservation may not be purely antagonistic, particularly when (semi-)natural habitats make up a large fraction of the landscape (≥ 20%)., The yield data was collected during farmer interviews and information on crop area per landscape was obtained from cantonal agricultural surveys and crop mapping. The data on bird and butterflies was collected on the field by the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring. The yield dataset was completed using multiple imputation. After post processing the completed data set was used to calculate the (mean) yield per crop per landscape, which was consecutively converted into food energy (given as metabolizable energy for human consumption), summed up and scaled to landscape level. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to describe the relationship between biodiversity, total produced food energy and farmland area per landscape. Species richness, abundance and Pielou’s evenness index of birds and butterflies were used as response variables. Food energy production per landscape in gigajoule (GJ) and the amount of farmland in hectare (ha) were included as explanatory variables., Excell and R, # Food production and biodiversity are not incompatible in temperate heterogeneous agricultural landscapes

# Authors: Silvia Zingg (a), Jan Grenz (a), Jean-Yves Humbert (b)

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## Summary

In this study, yield figures provided by 299 farmers served to quantify the energy-equivalents of food production across different crops in 49 1-km2 landscapes. The results show that the relationship between bird diversity and food energy production depends on the proportion of farmland within the landscape, with a negative correlation observed in agriculture dominated landscapes (≥ 64–74% farmland). In contrast, neither typical farmland birds nor butterflies showed any significant relationship with total food energy production.

## Description of the data and file structure

We have submitted our R Script (Zingg_2023_R_Script_Imputation_Analyse_Figures.R), the raw data (Zingg_2023_RawData.csv), the post-processed imputed dataset (Zingg_2023_Completed_data_post_processed.csv), the dataset containin...

我们亟需景观尺度的方法来设计和管理农业生态系统，使其既能维持农业生产，又能兼顾生物多样性保护。本研究依托299位农户提供的产量数据，对49处1平方千米景观内不同作物的粮食生产能量当量进行量化。研究结果显示，鸟类多样性与粮食能量产出之间的关系取决于景观内农田的占比：在以农业为主导的景观（农田占比≥64%~74%）中，二者呈负相关关系。与之相对，典型农田鸟类与蝶类均未与总粮食能量产出呈现显著相关关系。我们的结论是，在由小规模混合农业系统（作物种植与畜牧生产兼具）构成的欧洲温带区域，生产力提升与生物多样性保护并非完全对立，当（半）自然生境占据景观较大比例（≥20%）时尤其如此。

产量数据通过农户访谈收集，各景观的作物面积信息来自州级农业调查与作物制图。鸟类与蝶类的数据由瑞士生物多样性监测项目实地采集。本产量数据集通过多重插补法完成补全。经后处理后，补全后的数据集被用于计算各景观内每种作物的（平均）产量，随后将其转换为粮食能量（以供人类食用的可代谢能量计），并求和、缩放至景观尺度。我们采用广义线性模型（Generalized Linear Models, GLM）来描述生物多样性、总粮食能量产出与各景观农田面积之间的关系。以鸟类与蝶类的物种丰富度、个体多度以及皮卢均匀度指数（Pielou’s evenness index）作为响应变量，以单位景观的粮食能量产出（单位：吉焦，GJ）与农田面积（单位：公顷，ha）作为解释变量。

Excell 与 R，# 温带异质农业景观中粮食生产与生物多样性并非不可兼容

# 作者：Silvia Zingg (a)、Jan Grenz (a)、Jean-Yves Humbert (b)

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## 摘要
本研究依托299位农户提供的产量数据，对49处1平方千米景观内不同作物的粮食生产能量当量进行量化。研究结果显示，鸟类多样性与粮食能量产出之间的关系取决于景观内农田的占比：在以农业为主导的景观（农田占比≥64%~74%）中，二者呈负相关关系。与之相对，典型农田鸟类与蝶类均未与总粮食能量产出呈现显著相关关系。

## 数据与文件结构说明
我们已提交R脚本（Zingg_2023_R_Script_Imputation_Analyse_Figures.R）、原始数据（Zingg_2023_RawData.csv）、经后处理的补全后数据集（Zingg_2023_Completed_data_post_processed.csv），以及包含……的数据集。