Data for Performance and Decision Making under Monitoring and Outcome Pressurere

High-pressure conditions have different components that are likely to have different effects on performance, which may lead to underlying mechanisms of performance decrements, such as distraction or self-focus. pressure is divided into two categories of monitoring pressure and outcome pressure. Performing in the presence of the camera, the coach, the teammate or the spectator is called ‘monitoring pressure’. In contrast, other pressure factors, such as trying to achieve a goal, achieving a credible reward, setting a record or ranking is called ‘outcome pressure’. They acknowledged that monitoring pressure led to direct focus of attention on self or task and the outcome pressure led to distract the athlete from performing the task. A complete description of this hypothesis and the probability of decrease performance under pressure are obtained by considering the type of task. It is noted that monitoring pressure led to disruption of performing tasks that relied less on working memory (such as motor tasks) and the outcome pressure led to reduction in performance in cognitive tasks. In our study, the researchers decided to examine the different effects of pressure on different aspects of skill. For this purpose, a table tennis task was used, which includes both the motor aspect (a component in skilled athletes that relies less on working memory) and decision-making (cognitive component of skill). In addition to the environmental conditions and the ongoing task, considering a type of athlete's personality trait (reinvestment) that may lead him/her to self-focus or distraction under pressure situations can be helpful. In our study, the relationships between reinvestment and performance and decision making were measured in table tennis. This sport involves skills perform fast, and the athlete will have little opportunity to engage in the reinvestment process. . Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the performance and decision-making on table tennis topspin skill of elite athletes under different conditions of pressure. Forehand and backhand topspin of 20 expert table tennis athletes was examined under low, monitoring and outcome pressure. The decision making and performance scores were examined in a within-group design. Relationship between Reinvestment traits and dependent variables across low and high pressure also tested. Results showed the effects of pressure conditions on somatic and cognitive anxiety were significant. Decision-making accuracy under outcome pressure and decision-making speed under the both pressure conditions were decreased. The performance of athletes was decreased under the monitoring pressure while no change was observed in performance under outcome pressure. Decision reinvestment could predict speed accuracy changes under both pressure conditions and motor self-consciousness could predict performance changes under monitoring pressure.

高压竞技环境包含多种不同的影响因素，各因素对运动表现的作用存在差异，进而可能催生表现下滑的潜在机制，例如注意力分散或自我聚焦行为。竞技压力（pressure）可分为两类：监控型压力（monitoring pressure）与结果型压力（outcome pressure）。当运动员处于摄像机、教练、队友或观众的注视下时所承受的压力，即被称为“监控型压力”。与之相对，其他压力因素——例如为达成某一目标、获取可观奖励、刷新纪录或提升排名所承受的压力，则被归类为“结果型压力”。已有研究表明，监控型压力会促使个体将注意力直接聚焦于自身或当前任务，而结果型压力则会使运动员的注意力从当前任务中分散开来。结合任务类型进行分析，可完整阐释该假说的内涵，以及高压环境下表现下滑的发生概率。研究指出，监控型压力会破坏对工作记忆（working memory）依赖程度较低的任务（如运动任务（motor tasks））的完成效果，而结果型压力则会导致认知任务（cognitive tasks）的表现下滑。本研究旨在探究竞技压力对运动技能不同维度的差异化影响。为此，本研究采用了乒乓球任务范式，该任务同时涵盖运动维度（属于高水平运动员依赖程度较低的工作记忆相关技能组分）与决策制定维度（属于运动技能的认知组分）。此外，除环境条件与当前任务外，考虑运动员的一种人格特质——自我复现（reinvestment）——也具有重要意义，该特质可能使运动员在高压情境下出现自我聚焦或注意力分散的情况。本研究通过乒乓球任务，测量了自我复现特质与运动表现、决策表现之间的关联。乒乓球项目要求运动员快速完成动作，因此其几乎没有机会进行自我复现过程。基于此，本研究的核心目标为：探究不同竞技压力条件下，优秀运动员的乒乓球上旋球技能表现与决策制定情况。本研究在低压力、监控型压力与结果型压力三种条件下，对20名专业乒乓球运动员的正手与反手上旋球技术进行了测试。本研究采用组内实验设计，对决策表现与技术得分进行了评估，并检验了在低压力与高压力条件下，自我复现特质与各因变量之间的关联。研究结果显示，不同压力条件对躯体焦虑与认知焦虑均存在显著影响。结果型压力条件下的决策准确率，以及两种压力条件下的决策速度均出现了显著下降。监控型压力条件下运动员的技术表现出现下滑，而结果型压力条件下的技术表现则无明显变化。决策自我复现可预测两种压力条件下的决策速度与准确率变化，而运动自我意识则可预测监控型压力条件下的技术表现变化。