Formas pronominales de tratamiento en el español actual de Guatemala (Pronominal Forms of Address in Contemporary Guatemalan Spanish)

The research analyzes the pronominal forms of address (PFA) in Guatemalan Spanish, considering sociolinguistic, stylistic, and dialectological aspects. The main objective is to identify the national-cultural specificity in the use of PFAs in Guatemala. The research is based on transcripts of recordings made in different regions of the country, interviews, and surveys with speakers from various social levels and ages. The methods used include direct observation, analytical description, surveys, and comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the use of "usted," "tú," and "vos" varies significantly according to demographic factors such as age, gender, and education level, as well as geographic and sociocultural factors. In general, "usted" is used to express respect and formality, "vos" to indicate trust and familiarity, and "tú" is used less frequently, mainly in specific contexts and among certain demographic groups. In Guatemala City, the use of PFAs shows variations depending on the relationships between the communicators (relatives, acquaintances, strangers) and their sociolinguistic status. In rural areas, there is a preference for "usted" and "vos," with minimal use of "tú." The differences in the use of PFAs also reflect the dynamics of power, respect, and closeness in social interactions. The research concludes that PFAs in Guatemalan Spanish are a reflection of the complex interaction between linguistic and extralinguistic factors and highlights the importance of studying these forms to better understand the cultural and social specificity of Guatemala.

本研究聚焦危地马拉西班牙语中的人称称谓语（pronominal forms of address，下文简称PFA），并从社会语言学、文体学及方言学视角展开分析。本研究的核心目标在于挖掘危地马拉地区人称称谓语使用中的民族文化特异性。本研究的数据素材源自该国不同区域的录音转写文本、访谈记录，以及针对不同社会阶层与年龄群体的母语使用者开展的问卷调查。研究所采用的方法涵盖直接观察法、分析描述法、问卷调查法与比较分析法。研究结果显示，usted、tú与vos三种称谓语的使用频次，会随年龄、性别、受教育程度等人口统计学因素，以及地理与社会文化因素呈现显著差异。总体而言，usted用于表达敬意与正式语境，vos用于传递信任与亲密关系，而tú的使用频次相对较低，仅在特定场景下与部分特定人口群体中较为常见。在危地马拉城，PFA的使用差异取决于交际双方的关系（亲属、熟人、陌生人）及其社会语言学身份。在农村地区，使用者更倾向于使用usted与vos，tú的使用频次极低。人称称谓语的使用差异，同时也反映出社会互动中权力、敬意与亲疏关系的动态变化。本研究最终得出结论：危地马拉西班牙语中的PFA是语言因素与超语言因素复杂交互作用的体现；同时本研究也强调，对这类称谓语展开研究，有助于更深入地理解危地马拉的文化与社会特异性。