Data_Sheet_1_Survey on Antimicrobial Drug Use Practices in California Preweaned Dairy Calves.PDF

The California (CA) dairy industry was surveyed in July 2017 to evaluate producers' knowledge and perceptions and antimicrobial drug (AMD) use in preweaned dairy calves following the implementation of the nationwide veterinary feed directive final rule (VFD) in January 2017 and prior to statewide implementation of CA Senate Bill (SB) 27 in January 2018. Together, these regulations require veterinary oversight for all uses of medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs) administered to livestock in CA. Survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,361 CA Grade A milk producing dairies and calf ranches across CA resulting in a 12% (169) response. Most respondents (83%) were aware of the VFD and SB 27 changes. Use of antibiotics was perceived as important (77%) in raising preweaned dairy calves and judicious use of antibiotics was ranked as the most important antimicrobial stewardship practice, amongst record keeping, observing withdrawal periods, having a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR), and use of alternatives to antibiotics. Treating sick calves was the major indication for AMD use (90.5%); however, few producers reported use of antibiotics to control (12.7%) or prevent disease (11%). Neomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and sulfamethazine were the most used AMD. The respondents reported a decreased use of AMD in milk (10%) and in solid feed (5%), and discontinuation of one or more AMDs used in milk (18.6%) or in solid feed (5%) post-VFD rule implementation in 2017. Most respondents reported keeping treatment records and the information recorded included date (82%), dose (44%) and route (15%) of AMD used. A few respondents reported they had initiated use of alternatives to AMDs, such as vitamins (32.6%), minerals (25.6%), herbal remedies (11.6%) and pathogen specific antibodies (7%), post-VFD. The limited changes noted in AMD use could be attributed to the short period between the implementation of the VFD and the time of the survey. Our study outcomes identified opportunities to improve AMD use practices, including record keeping and use of AMD alternatives, and provides a baseline for future evaluation of the impact of these regulatory changes, as well as guidance for the future recommendations on best practices to promote judicious AMD use.

2017年7月，对加利福尼亚州（CA）乳业进行了调查，旨在评估自2017年1月全国兽医饲料指令最终规定（VFD）实施以及2018年1月加州参议院法案（SB）27全面实施之前，奶犊在断奶前对抗菌药物（AMD）使用的知识、认知情况。此次调查涵盖了加利福尼亚州1,361家A级牛奶生产牧场和犊牛饲养场，回收有效问卷169份，占12%。大多数受访者（83%）知晓VFD和SB 27的变更。在培育断奶前奶犊的过程中，抗生素的使用被视为至关重要的因素（77%），在合理的用药管理实践中，抗生素的合理使用被列为最重要的措施，包括记录保存、观察停药期、拥有有效的兽医-客户-患者关系（VCPR）以及使用抗生素替代品。治疗病犊是AMD使用的主要指征（90.5%）；然而，只有少数生产者报告了使用抗生素以控制（12.7%）或预防疾病（11%）。新霉素硫酸盐、氯四环素、氧四环素和磺胺噻唑是最常用的AMD。受访者报告称，在牛奶（10%）和固体饲料（5%）中的AMD使用量有所下降，并且在2017年VFD规则实施后，有一或多个AMD在牛奶（18.6%）或固体饲料（5%）中的使用已被停止。大多数受访者表示，他们保留了治疗记录，记录的信息包括AMD使用的日期（82%）、剂量（44%）和途径（15%）。少数受访者报告称，自VFD实施以来，他们已经开始使用AMD的替代品，如维生素（32.6%）、矿物质（25.6%）、草药疗法（11.6%）和针对特定病原体的抗体（7%）。AMD使用中有限的变更可能归因于VFD实施与调查时间之间的短暂间隔。我们的研究结果指出了改进AMD使用实践的机会，包括记录保存和使用AMD替代品，并为评估这些监管变化的影响提供了基线，同时为未来制定促进合理AMD使用的最佳实践建议提供了指导。