HadUK-Grid Climate Observations by Administrative Regions over the UK, v1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023)

HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. These data at 1 km resolution have been averaged across a set of discrete geographies defining UK administrative regions consistent with data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1836 to 2023 but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution.

The gridded data are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.

This data set supersedes the previous versions of this dataset which also superseded UKCP09 gridded observations. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).

The changes for v1.3.0.ceda HadUK-Grid datasets are as follows:

* Added data for calendar year 2023

* Added newly digitised data for daily rainfall (62 Scottish stations for 1945-1960)

* Daily rainfall data for Bolton, 1916-1919 have been corrected (previous values were corrupted and needed redigitising)

* Daily rainfall data for Buxton, 1960 have been corrected (conversion from inches to mm had been applied incorrectly)

* Rainfall data from EA and SEPA APIs are included for the last three months of the dataset (Oct-Dec 2023) (for all earlier months the rainfall data from partner agencies is obtained from the Met Office's MIDAS database)

* The number of stations used for groundfrost, sunshine and windspeed have reduced at different points in the historical series when comparing v1.3.0.ceda to the previous version v1.2.0.ceda. These reductions in station numbers have been caused by changes made in the data processing steps upstream of the gridding process.

* For groundfrost this reduction has been caused by an automated quality control process flagging the historical data which have been removed as suspect (mostly affecting data from 1961 to 1970).

* For sunshine the small reduction in the 1960s has been caused by the removal of digitized monthly sunshine data through this period where we wish to reverify the data source.

* For windspeed the reduction from 1969 to 2010 has been caused by changes to rules applied relating to data completeness when compiling daily mean windspeeds, which in turn have followed through to monthly statistics.

* We plan to carry out a review of the data which have been excluded from this version. Some of it may be reintroduced in a future release.

* Net changes to the input station data:

- Total of 126970983 observations
- 125384735 (98.75%) unchanged
- 28487 (0.02%) modified for this version
- 1557761 (1.23%) added in this version
- 188522 (0.15%) deleted from this version

The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The output from a number of data recovery activities relating to 19th and early 20th Century data have been used in the creation of this dataset, these activities were supported by: the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme; the Natural Environment Research Council project "Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK"; the UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Strategic Priorities Fund UK Climate Resilience programme; The UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Public Engagement programme; the National Centre for Atmospheric Science; National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the NERC GloSAT project; and the contribution of many thousands of public volunteers. The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.

HadUK-Grid 是一套基于英国陆地表面观测网络构建的网格化气候变量数据集。该数据集通过插值将气象站观测数据整合至统一网格，以实现英国全域完整且一致的覆盖。这套分辨率为1千米的数据集，已按照与英国气候投影数据集UKCP18（UK Climate Projections 18）一致的英国行政区域划分，完成了离散地理单元下的平均处理。数据集的时间跨度为1836年至2023年，但起始年份因气候变量与时间分辨率的不同而存在差异。

该网格化数据涵盖日、月、季、年多个时间尺度，同时包含针对多套气候学参考时段的长期平均值。变量类型包括气温（最高温、最低温与平均温）、降水量、日照时长、海平面气压、风速、相对湿度、水汽压、积雪日数以及地面霜冻日数。

本数据集替代了此前的该数据集版本，而此前版本亦替代了UKCP09网格化观测数据集。后续版本将适时发布，并将遵循Hollis等人（2018年，详见关联文档）所概述的版本编号规则。

HadUK-Grid v1.3.0.ceda版本的更新内容如下：
* 新增2023完整日历年的观测数据
* 新增苏格兰地区1945年至1960年期间62个气象站的每日降水量数字化观测数据
* 修正了博尔顿地区1916年至1919年的每日降水量数据（此前数据存在损坏，需重新数字化处理）
* 修正了巴克斯顿地区1960年的每日降水量数据（此前英寸转毫米的换算操作存在错误）
* 新增来自环境署（EA）与苏格兰环境保护局（SEPA）API的2023年10月至12月降水量数据（此前所有月份的降水量数据均源自英国气象局MIDAS数据库的合作机构数据源）
* 相较于v1.2.0.ceda版本，v1.3.0.ceda版本中用于地面霜冻、日照时长与风速计算的气象站数量在历史序列的不同阶段有所减少。此类站数缩减源于网格化流程上游的数据处理步骤变更。
* 地面霜冻数据的站数缩减，源于自动化质量控制流程将部分历史数据标记为可疑数据并予以移除（该影响主要集中于1961年至1970年的观测数据）。
* 1960年代日照时长数据的小幅缩减，源于该时段内的数字化月度日照数据被移除，以便重新验证数据源。
* 1969年至2010年期间风速数据的站数缩减，源于每日平均风速统计时的数据完整性规则变更，该变更亦传导至月度统计数据中。
* 我们计划对本版本中被排除的数据集开展审核，部分数据或在未来版本中重新纳入发布。
* 输入气象站观测数据的净变化情况如下：
- 总观测条数：126970983条
- 125384735条（占比98.75%）未发生变更
- 28487条（占比0.02%）在本版本中得到修正
- 1557761条（占比1.23%）在本版本中新增
- 188522条（占比0.15%）在本版本中被移除

本数据集的核心用途为支撑英国气候监测，以及气候变化、气候影响与气候适应相关研究。该数据集由英国气象局（Met Office）牵头制作，获得了英国商务、能源与产业战略部（BEIS）以及环境、食品与农村事务部（DEFRA）的资金支持，以服务于公共气象服务客户组（PWSCG）、哈德利中心气候计划以及英国气候投影（UKCP18）项目。本数据集的制作还整合了多项针对19世纪及20世纪早期观测数据的数据恢复活动成果，这些活动得到了以下机构的支持：英国气象局哈德利中心气候计划、英国自然环境研究理事会（NERC）“英国历史干旱与水资源短缺分析”项目、英国研究与创新署（UKRI）战略优先基金英国气候韧性计划、英国自然环境研究理事会（NERC）公众参与项目、国家大气科学中心、国家大气科学中心以及NERC GloSAT项目，同时离不开数千名公众志愿者的贡献。本数据集依据《开放政府许可协议》（Open Government Licence）发布。