Danes in education and job, 2006

This study examines the interplay between the work- and family life of a group of ethnic Danes aged 18-45.The study “the Work- and Family Life of immigrants” examines the family pattern and connection to the labour market among a group of immigrants aged 18-45. In this study the results are compared to the results of a similar survey among Danes. Differences in Family Patterns The four groups – Turks, Iranians, Pakistani and ethnic Danes – are different in relation to family patterns. Compared to Danes, a higher share of immigrants from Turkey and Pakistan live in couples. Immigrants from Iran have fewer children and are more often single. Furthermore Iranian immigrants are the group who is least satisfied with their family life. Differences in Employment The probability of employment varies among the groups. The probability of employment for the Turkish and Pakistani men is almost the same as for Danish men. The probability of employment is on the other hand considerably lower for Turkish and Pakistani women than for Danish women. In other words the difference in employment for the genders is more pronounced for immigrant from Turkey and Pakistan than for ethnic Danes. Traditional Attitudes towards GenderImmigrants from Turkey and Pakistan express a more traditional attitude towards gender roles compared with immigrants from Iran and Danes. This is seen in relation to the female participation in the labour market and domestic chores. The immigrant families – especially the Turkish and Pakistani – have a more traditional division of domestic chores compared to the Danish families. In the Turkish and the Pakistani families, the women do a much larger share of the domestic chores than the Danish women. All in all the immigrant families have to a greater extent arranged their family life in a traditional way: The man works and makes money while the woman takes care of the home and the family.Types of EmploymentWhen it comes to the type of employment, the male immigrants and Iranian women are more likely to be self-employed than the Danes. Being self-employed entails long and irregular hours for both immigrants and Danes. Especially the Turkish and Pakistani men - a group of which a large part are self-employed – work irregular hours. Where the wage-earners are concerned, the immigrants work shorter hours than the Danes. This does not necessarily mean that more immigrants want to work shorter hours compared to the Danes. Rather it might be because they are not able to find other jobs. A relatively large proportion of the part-time employed men – immigrants and Danes alike – work irregular hours. The immigrant women on the other hand more rarely have jobs with irregular working hours than the Danish women. However, if they work irregular hours they do it more often than the Danish women.

本研究探讨了18至45岁丹麦族裔（ethnic Danes）群体的工作与家庭生活之间的互动关系。本项题为《移民的工作与家庭生活》的研究，考察了18至45岁移民群体的家庭模式（family pattern）及其与劳动力市场（labour market）的关联。本研究将上述结果与针对丹麦本土群体的同类调研结果进行对比分析。

家庭模式差异
土耳其、伊朗、巴基斯坦裔群体与丹麦族裔这四组样本在家庭模式上存在显著差异。相较于丹麦本土群体，土耳其与巴基斯坦移民中已婚同居者占比更高；伊朗移民的子女数量更少，且单身比例更高。此外，伊朗移民群体对自身家庭生活的满意度是四组中最低的。

就业状况差异
各组群体的就业概率存在差异。土耳其与巴基斯坦男性的就业概率与丹麦男性基本持平；反观土耳其与巴基斯坦女性，其就业概率则显著低于丹麦女性。换言之，土耳其与巴基斯坦移民群体中，不同性别的就业差距较丹麦族裔群体更为突出。

传统性别观念差异
相较于伊朗移民与丹麦本土群体，土耳其与巴基斯坦移民对性别角色（gender roles）的观念更为传统，这一点体现在女性劳动力市场参与度与家务劳动（domestic chores）分工两方面。移民家庭——尤其是土耳其与巴基斯坦家庭——的家务劳动分工较丹麦家庭更为传统：土耳其与巴基斯坦女性承担的家务劳动占比远高于丹麦女性。总体而言，移民家庭更倾向于采用传统家庭模式：男性外出工作赚取收入，女性则负责料理家务与家庭事务。

就业类型差异
在就业类型方面，男性移民与伊朗女性的个体经营（self-employed）比例高于丹麦本土群体。个体经营意味着从业者需承担更长且不规律的工作时长，这一点在移民与丹麦群体中均成立。其中，以个体经营为主的土耳其与巴基斯坦男性，其工作时长尤为不规律。就受薪雇员而言，移民群体的工作时长较丹麦本土群体更短，但这并不代表更多移民希望缩短工时，反而可能是因为他们难以找到其他合适的工作。在兼职男性群体中（无论移民还是丹麦本土群体），有相当比例的从业者工作时长不规律。反观移民女性，其拥有不规律工时工作的比例低于丹麦女性；但若移民女性选择了不规律工时的工作，其频率则高于丹麦女性。