Prevalence and factors associated with driving under the influence of alcohol in Brazil

To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUIA) among car drivers and motorcyclists in Brazil and to evaluate the association between DUIA and self-reported Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) in these groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from adults aged 18 or older who participated in the 2019 National Health Survey. Probability sampling was used to recruit participants, and data collection was carried out through home visits. Data from 31,246 car drivers and 21,896 motorcyclists were analyzed. Key indicators included the proportion (%) of car drivers who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months and the proportion (%) of motorcyclists who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months. Multiple Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with DUIA and the association of this variable with RTIs in both groups. DUIA prevalence was 9.4% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 8.8–10.0) among car drivers and 11.2% (95% CI = 10.4–12.1) among motorcyclists. Among car drivers, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those without a spouse/partner, and lower in individuals with lower income and education level. Among motorcyclists, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those living outside the capitals and metropolitan regions, and lower in individuals with lower income. DUIA increased the prevalence of self-reported RTIs in the previous 12 months among car drivers and motorcyclists. A high prevalence of DUIA was evident among drivers, particularly motorcyclists. The DUIA was more prevalent among men and young adults. The DUIA was associated with an increased magnitude of self-reported RTIs among car drivers and motorcyclists. Despite the extensive legislation for zero tolerance toward DUIA in the country, actions need stricter enforcement.

本研究旨在评估巴西汽车驾驶员与摩托车驾驶员群体中饮酒后驾驶（Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, DUIA）的流行现状及其相关影响因素，并分析该行为与自我报告的道路交通事故伤害（Road Traffic Injuries, RTIs）之间的关联。
本研究为横断面研究，采用2019年全国健康调查（National Health Survey）中18岁及以上成年参与者的数据开展分析。研究采用概率抽样方法招募受试者，通过入户访谈完成数据收集，最终纳入31246名汽车驾驶员与21896名摩托车驾驶员的样本进行分析。
核心观测指标包括过去12个月内存在饮酒后驾车行为的汽车驾驶员占比（%），以及同期存在该行为的摩托车驾驶员占比（%）。本研究采用多重泊松回归模型，分析两组人群中与饮酒后驾驶相关的影响因素，以及该行为与道路交通事故伤害的关联。
汽车驾驶员群体的饮酒后驾驶检出率为9.4%（95%置信区间[95% CI]：8.8~10.0），摩托车驾驶员群体的检出率为11.2%（95% CI：10.4~12.1）。在汽车驾驶员群体中，男性、青年群体以及无配偶/伴侣者的饮酒后驾驶检出率更高，而低收入与低受教育水平人群的检出率相对更低。在摩托车驾驶员群体中，男性、青年群体以及居住在非省会城市与非大都市区的人群检出率更高，而低收入人群的检出率相对更低。
饮酒后驾驶行为会提升两类驾驶员过去12个月内自我报告的道路交通事故伤害发生率。
整体而言，驾驶员群体中饮酒后驾驶行为的流行率较高，尤以摩托车驾驶员群体为甚；该行为在男性与青年群体中更为普遍，且与汽车及摩托车驾驶员群体自我报告的道路交通事故伤害风险升高显著相关。尽管巴西已针对饮酒后驾驶出台零容忍的全面法律法规，但仍需进一步强化执法力度。