Silver-cored <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> extract-loaded antimicrobial nanosuspension: overcoming multidrug resistance supplementary materials

<b>Aims: </b>To synthesize a silver-cored nanosuspension utilizing <i>Ziziphus spina-christi </i>fresh-leaf extract and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes. <b>Materials and Methods: </b>The prepared nanosuspension was analyzed by spectro-analytical techniques and tested for antimicrobial activity and resistance to biofilm formation. The leaf extract and nanosuspension were tested separately and together as a mixture. <b>Results: </b>Constituent nanoparticles were average-sized (<b>∼</b>34 nm) and were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes and yeast. <i>Candida albicans </i>showed a 24.50 <b>± </b>1.50 mm inhibition zone, followed by <i>Escherichia coli </i>and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Increased bioactivity with the highest multifold increments, 150%, for erythromycin against all tested microbes was observed. Carbenicillin and trimethoprim showed 166%- and 300%-fold increments for antimicrobial activity against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, respectively. <b>Conclusion: </b>The nanosuspension exhibited strong potential as an antimicrobial agent and overcame multidrug resistance.<b>Plain language summary: </b><i>Ziziphus spina-christi </i>leaf extract-coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an environment-friendly method, and the preparation was effective against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>and <i>Candida albicans</i>. The prepared formulation showed increased antimicrobial activity at a 150–300% increase compared with leaf extract-only activity. The prepared suspension was also active against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, the multidrug-resistant microbe, and has the potential to treat drug-resistant microbial infections.**研究目的：** 本研究以酸枣（Ziziphus spina-christi）鲜叶提取物为原料合成银核纳米悬浮液，并评估其对多重耐药病原微生物的抗菌活性。 **材料与方法：** 采用光谱分析技术对制备得到的纳米悬浮液进行表征，并检测其抗菌活性与抗生物膜形成能力。分别单独测试叶提取物与纳米悬浮液的活性，同时测试二者混合后的抗菌效果。 **研究结果：** 所制备的纳米颗粒平均粒径约为34 nm，对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌及酵母菌均具有抗菌活性。白色念珠菌（Candida albicans）的抑菌圈直径为24.50 ± 1.50 mm，抑菌活性紧随其后的为大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）与金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）。研究观察到，针对所有受试微生物，红霉素的抗菌活性提升倍数最高，达150%；针对铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa），羧苄西林与甲氧苄啶的抗菌活性分别提升了166%与300%。 **研究结论：** 该纳米悬浮液具备优异的抗菌应用潜力，可有效克服多重耐药性。 **通俗总结：** 本研究采用环境友好的方法合成了酸枣（Ziziphus spina-christi）叶提取物包覆的银纳米颗粒，该制剂对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）及白色念珠菌（Candida albicans）均具有抗菌活性。与仅使用叶提取物的方案相比，本制剂的抗菌活性提升了150%~300%。此外，该悬浮液对多重耐药微生物铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）同样具有抗菌活性，具备治疗耐药微生物感染的应用潜力。