Governing the Climate Adaptation of Care Settings Dataset, 2022

The dataset consists of air temperatures recorded longitudinally and reported at hourly intervals using Hobo MX1101, Hobo MX1102A and Hobo MX2301 devices. The monitoring period covered 1st May 2022 to 30th September 2022 inclusive – the full non-heating season in England.

The devices were deployed in 30 care homes across England: eleven in Greater London, nine in the north of England as far north as Newcastle-upon-Tyne, six in the Midlands, and four in the south of England including on the Isle of Wight. The locations monitored consisted of 22 offices (staff-only areas such as manager’s offices, administrator offices, nurse stations), 30 lounges (communal areas such as lounges, dining rooms and lounge/diners), and 30 bedrooms (single rooms, with a range of occupancy – some vacant, some occupied only at night, others occupied 24/7 depending on resident needs). In addition, outdoor temperatures were monitored at each of the 30 care homes.<p>As a result of global climate change, the UK is expected to experience hotter and drier summers, and heatwaves are expected to occur with greater frequency, intensity and duration. In 2003 and 2018, 2,091 and 863 heat-related deaths, respectively, were reported in England alone as a result of heatwaves, meaning future temperature increases could lead to a parallel rise in heat-related mortality. The UK also currently has a rapidly ageing population, with people aged 75 or over expected to account for 13% of the total population by 2035. Older populations are more vulnerable to climate-induced effects as they are more likely to have underlying, chronic health complications, making them more vulnerable to heat stress. The indoor environment is a principle moderator of heat exposure in older populations, who tend to spend the majority of their time indoors. Poor building design, the lack of effective heat management and diverging needs and preferences between staff and residents in care settings may contribute to increased indoor heat exposure with detrimental health impacts falling on the most vulnerable residents. Maladaptation to a warming climate, such as the uptake of air conditioning, could increase fuel bills in care homes, increase operational costs for businesses in the already financially stretched care sector, and increase building carbon emissions, thus undermining government efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The one-year pilot project 'Climate Resilience of Care Settings' and previous small-scale studies led by our research team have shown that UK care homes are already overheating even under non-extreme summers. A key target for climate adaptation in care settings is to limit such risks by introducing passive cooling strategies via building design. However, preliminary modelling as part of the pilot project also demonstrated that common passive cooling strategies may not adequately mitigate overheating risk in the 2050s and 2080s. Further research into advanced passive cooling strategies, combined with human behaviour and organisational change is required to identify optimum climate adaptation pathways for UK's care provision.

The main aim of the project is to quantify climate related heat risks in care settings nationwide and enhance understanding of human behaviour, organisational capacity and governance to enable the UK's care provision to develop equitable adaptation pathways to rising heat stress under climate change. Building on the foundations of the pilot project, this novel, interdisciplinary project will collect, for the first time in the UK, longitudinal temperature and humidity data in a panel of 50 care settings in order to quantify the recurring risk of summertime overheating. We will also identify and assess social, institutional and cultural barriers and opportunities underpinning the governance of adaptation to a warmer climate in care and extra-care homes through surveys with residents, frontline care staff, managers and policy stakeholders. Within sub-samples of this panel, we will use innovative measurement techniques to collect residents' physiological data and study their relation with heat exposure and health impacts. Also for the first time in the UK, we will create a building stock model of the UK's care provision able to predict future overheating risks in care settings under a range of future climate change scenarios. This will help evaluate the effectiveness of near, medium and long term future overheating mitigation strategies and policies on thermal comfort and health outcomes. Throughout the project, we will continue to develop and expand the stakeholder community that was created during the pilot project. Through ongoing dialogue with our diverse network of stakeholders, we will explore organisational capacity and structures, and how these influence action and policy, in order to generate best practice guidance for practitioners, businesses and policymakers.</p>

本数据集包含采用Hobo MX1101、Hobo MX1102A及Hobo MX2301型设备纵向记录、并以小时为间隔上报的空气温度数据。监测时段为2022年5月1日至2022年9月30日（含首尾两日），即英格兰地区完整的非供暖季。

上述设备部署于英格兰境内的30家护理院：其中大伦敦地区11家，英格兰北部远至泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔的区域9家，中部地区6家，英格兰南部（含怀特岛）4家。本次监测的场所包括22间办公室（仅限工作人员使用的区域，如经理办公室、行政办公室、护士站）、30间休息室（公共区域，如休息室、餐厅及休闲用餐区）以及30间卧室（单人房间，入住情况各异——部分空置，部分仅夜间入住，其余根据入住者需求全天候开放）。此外，30家护理院均同步监测室外气温。

受全球气候变化影响，英国夏季预计将愈发炎热干燥，热浪的发生频率、强度及持续时长均将增加。仅在英格兰地区，2003年和2018年分别报告了2091例和863例因热浪导致的热相关死亡病例，这意味着未来气温升高可能伴随热相关死亡率的同步上升。当前英国人口老龄化速度加快，预计到2035年，75岁及以上人口将占总人口的13%。老年群体更易受到气候影响带来的健康风险，因为他们往往患有基础性慢性疾病，因此对热应激的抵抗力更弱。老年群体多数时间都在室内度过，室内环境是影响其热暴露的主要调节因素。护理场所中不佳的建筑设计、有效的热管理措施缺失，以及工作人员与入住者之间需求和偏好的差异，可能会加剧室内热暴露，进而对最脆弱的入住者造成有害健康的影响。对气候变暖的适应不当——例如加装空调——可能会提高护理院的燃料费用，增加本已财政拮据的护理行业的运营成本，同时增加建筑碳排放，从而削弱政府减少温室气体排放的努力。

由我们研究团队主导的为期一年的“护理场所气候韧性”试点项目，以及此前的小型研究均表明，即便在非极端夏季，英国的护理院也已经出现过热问题。护理场所气候适应的核心目标之一，是通过建筑设计引入被动降温策略，以限制此类过热风险。然而作为试点项目一部分的初步建模结果也显示，常见的被动降温策略可能无法在2050年代和2080年代充分缓解过热风险。为了为英国的护理服务确定最优的气候适应路径，还需要针对先进被动降温策略，结合人类行为与组织变革开展进一步研究。

本项目的核心目标是量化全国范围内护理场所的气候相关热风险，并加深对人类行为、组织能力与治理机制的理解，从而助力英国护理服务行业制定应对气候变化下热应激加剧的公平适配路径。本项目以试点项目为基础，是一项全新的跨学科研究，将在英国首次收集50家护理场所的纵向温湿度数据，以量化夏季反复出现的过热风险。我们还将通过对入住者、一线护理人员、管理人员及政策利益相关者开展调研，识别并评估护理院与特护护理院在适应气候变暖的治理层面所面临的社会、制度与文化障碍及机遇。在该样本的子群体中，我们将采用创新的测量技术收集入住者的生理数据，研究其与热暴露及健康影响之间的关联。此外，本项目还将在英国首次构建英国护理服务的建筑存量模型，该模型能够在一系列未来气候变化情景下，预测护理场所的未来过热风险。这将有助于评估近、中、长期的过热缓解策略与政策对热舒适及健康结局的有效性。在整个项目周期中，我们将持续发展并扩大试点项目期间建立的利益相关者社群。通过与我们多元化的利益相关者网络开展持续对话，我们将探究组织能力与结构，以及它们如何影响行动与政策，从而为从业者、企业与政策制定者提供最佳实践指南。