Engineering lattice defects in 2D nanomaterials for enhancing biomedical performances

2D nanomaterials are widely investigated for biomedical applications, attributed to their large specific surface area, high therapeutic loading capacity, and unique optical, thermal, and/or electronic characteristics. Lattice defects affect the theranostic performance of 2D nanomaterials significantly by altering their electronic properties and chemical binding. Recent investigations have shown that defect-rich 2D nanomaterials are capable of enhancing tumor treatment through efficient drug delivery, photothermal and photodynamic therapies (PTT and PDT), and improving diagnostics via computed tomography (CT), photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging. This review summarizes recent progresses, including synthesis, characterization approach, and applications of defect-engineered 2D nanomaterials that are potentially useful in cancer treatment. The expert opinions are also proposed as the conclusion.

二维纳米材料（2D nanomaterials）被广泛研究用于生物医学应用，这归因于其较大的比表面积、优异的治疗负载能力，以及独特的光学、热学和/或电学特性。晶格缺陷（lattice defects）可通过改变二维纳米材料的电子特性与化学结合方式，显著影响其诊疗一体化性能。近期研究表明，富含缺陷的二维纳米材料能够通过高效药物递送、光热治疗（PTT）与光动力治疗（PDT）强化肿瘤治疗效果，并可通过计算机断层扫描（CT）、光声成像与磁共振成像提升诊断效能。本综述总结了有望用于癌症治疗的缺陷工程化二维纳米材料的最新研究进展，涵盖其合成方法、表征手段与应用场景，并在结论部分纳入了相关专家观点。