Down-regulation of microRNA-203-3p initiates type 2 pathology during schistosome infection via elevation of interleukin-33

The type 2 immune response is the central mechanism of disease progression in schistosomiasis, but the signals that induce it after infection remain elusive. Aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression is a hallmark of human diseases including schistosomiasis, and targeting the deregulated miRNA can mitigate disease outcomes. Here, we demonstrate that efficient and sustained elevation of miR-203-3p in liver tissues, using the highly hepatotropic recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8), protects mice against lethal schistosome infection by alleviating hepatic fibrosis. We show that miR-203-3p targets interleukin-33 (IL-33), an inducer of type 2 immunity, in hepatic stellate cells to regulate the expansion and IL-13 production of hepatic group 2 innate lymphoid cells during infection. Our study highlights the potential of rAAV8-mediated miR-203-3p elevation as a therapeutic intervention for fibrotic diseases.