Rock glaciers from Norway and Svalbard, Version 1

A complete inventory of rock glaciers on mainland Norway and Svalbard has only been carried out in connection with coarse geomorphological mapping. The data presented here are therefore averaged on a regional scale. Some detailed geomorpholgical maps exist, however, where more detailed information can be extracted. The data listed are therefore not a complete database of Norwegian rock glaciers. Recently detailed studies have been carried out on rockglaciers in the Ny Alesund and the Longyearbyen areas on Svalbard. From these studies, detailed data are available.

On mainland Norway, there are at least 150 rock glaciers (Sollid and Sorbel 1992) . These may be grouped as follows:
1. Probably active rock glaciers in high mountain areas in southern and northern Norway. Most of these are situated in the Rondane mountain area of southern Norway.
2. Relict rock glaciers in low-lying areas near the coast of northern Norway. These rock glaciers have a position marginal to the Weichselian ice sheet and were formed during permafrost conditions before or during deglaciation.
3. Relict rock glaciers in higher inland areas of northern Norway. These rock glaciers are believed to have formed under permafrost conditions during deglaciation possibly because of rock falls caused by tectonic activity during isostatic uplift. On Svalbard, there are at least 500 rock glaciers (Kristiansen and Sollid 1986). Most of these are situated on the central and western part of Spitsbergen. They are most common in coastal areas, often below the steep escarpment which delimits the inner part of the strandflat. As Svalbard has continuous permafrost, most of these are probably active. Some may however be inactive, as for instance the rock glaciers at Stuphallet near Ny Alesund (Sollid and Sorbel 1992). In those cases, the rock glaciers have moved out of its source area and onto the strandflat.

Partly in cooperation with ETH-Zurich, detailed investigations have been started in the Ny Alesund area, Western Spitsbergen. These investigations have been enlarged also to the Longyearbyen area, central Spitsbergen. Principal methods have been velocity measurements, using theodolite/EDM, GPS and photogrammetry; geophysical methods (DC resistivity soundings, seismic refraction soundings, gravimetry and georadar); and morphometrical analysis using a Digital Elevation Model and a grid-based GIS. Typical velocities are between 5 and 10 cm/year, both for lobate and tongue-shaped rock glaciers. These data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.

此前仅在开展粗分辨率地貌填图时，才对挪威本土与斯瓦尔巴群岛的岩堆冰川（rock glaciers）完成了完整编目。因此本次发布的数据均以区域尺度进行了平均化处理。不过部分精细地貌图已公开，可从中提取更细致的岩堆冰川信息，因此本次列出的数据并非挪威全境岩堆冰川的完整数据库。

近期针对斯瓦尔巴群岛新奥尔松（Ny Alesund）与朗伊尔城（Longyearbyen）区域的岩堆冰川开展了精细研究，现已获取该区域的详细数据。

据Sollid与Sorbel（1992）的研究，挪威本土至少存在150处岩堆冰川，可分为以下三类：
1. 挪威南部与北部高山区的疑似活动岩堆冰川，其中多数分布于挪威南部的隆达讷（Rondane）山区。
2. 挪威北部沿海低地的残留岩堆冰川。此类冰川的位置紧邻魏克塞尔冰盖（Weichselian ice sheet），形成于冰消期之前或冰消期期间的多年冻土环境中。
3. 挪威北部内陆高海拔区域的残留岩堆冰川。此类冰川被认为形成于冰消期的多年冻土环境中，其成因可能与均衡抬升过程中构造活动引发的岩崩有关。

据Kristiansen与Sollid（1986）的研究，斯瓦尔巴群岛至少存在500处岩堆冰川，其中多数分布于斯匹次卑尔根岛（Spitsbergen）的中部与西部区域。此类冰川在沿海区域最为常见，多分布于界定滨岸平原（strandflat）内陆边界的陡峭悬崖下方。由于斯瓦尔巴群岛存在连续多年冻土，此类冰川多数应为活动态；但也有部分处于非活动状态，例如新奥尔松附近的斯图法莱特（Stuphallet）区域岩堆冰川（Sollid与Sorbel，1992）。此类非活动冰川已从其物源区移动至滨岸平原之上。

本次研究与苏黎世联邦理工学院（ETH-Zurich）合作，率先在斯匹次卑尔根岛西部的新奥尔松区域启动了精细调查，后续又将研究范围拓展至斯匹次卑尔根岛中部的朗伊尔城区域。主要研究方法包括：采用经纬仪/电子测距仪（theodolite/EDM）、全球定位系统（GPS）与摄影测量技术开展流速测量；运用地球物理方法（直流电阻率测深（DC resistivity soundings）、地震折射测深（seismic refraction soundings）、重力测量（gravimetry）与地质雷达（georadar））；以及基于数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model）与栅格地理信息系统（GIS）开展形态计量分析。叶状与舌状岩堆冰川的典型流速介于5~10厘米/年之间。相关数据已收录于1998年6月发布的CAPS Version 1.0版光盘中。