Boomer shotpoint navigation from USGS cruise 2004-006-FA from Pamlico Sound, North Carolina (bbb2004006_shots.shp)

The northeastern North Carolina coastal system, from False Cape, Virginia, to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, has been studied by a cooperative research program that mapped the Quaternary geologic framework of the estuaries, barrier islands, and inner continental shelf. This information provides a basis to understand the linkage between geologic framework, physical processes, and coastal evolution at time scales from storm events to millennia. The study area attracts significant tourism to its parks and beaches, contains a number of coastal communities, and supports a local fishing industry, all of which are impacted by coastal change. Knowledge derived from this research program can be used to mitigate hazards and facilitate effective management of this dynamic coastal system.
This regional mapping project produced spatial datasets of high-resolution geophysical (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and sedimentary (core and grab-sample) data. The high-resolution geophysical data were collected during numerous surveys within the back-barrier estuarine system, along the barrier island complex, in the nearshore, and along the inner continental shelf. Sediment cores were taken on the mainland and along the barrier islands, and both cores and grab samples were taken on the inner shelf. Data collection was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and several other institutions including East Carolina University (ECU), the North Carolina Geological Survey, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS).
The high-resolution geophysical data of the inner continental shelf were collected during six separate surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004 (four USGS surveys north of Cape Hatteras: 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA, 2002-013-FA, and two USGS surveys south of Cape Hatteras: 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) and cover more than 2600 square kilometers of the inner shelf. Single-beam bathymetry data were collected north of Cape Hatteras in 1999 using a Furuno fathometer. Swath bathymetry data were collected on all other inner shelf surveys using a SEA, Ltd. SwathPLUS 234-kHz bathymetric sonar. Chirp seismic data as well as sidescan-sonar data were collected with a Teledyne Benthos (Datasonics) SIS-1000 north of Cape Hatteras along with boomer seismic reflection data (cruises 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA and 2002-013-FA). An Edgetech 512i was used to collect chirp seismic data south of Cape Hatteras (cruises 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) along with a Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar system. Sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler during four of the USGS surveys (1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-013-FA, and 2004-003-FA). Additional sediment core data along the inner shelf are provided from previously published studies.
A cooperative study, between the North Carolina Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service (MMS cores), collected vibracores along the inner continental shelf offshore of Nags Head, Kill Devils Hills and Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1996. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected vibracores along the inner shelf offshore of Dare County in August 1995 (NDC cores) and July-August 1995 (SNL cores). These cores are curated by the North Carolina Geological Survey and were used as part of the ground validation process in this study.
Nearshore geophysical and core data were collected by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The nearshore is defined here as the region between the 10-m isobath and the shoreline. High-resolution bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and chirp seismic data were collected between June 2002 and May 2004. Vibracore samples were collected in May and July 2005.
Shallow subsurface geophysical data were acquired along the Outer Banks barrier islands using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Data were collected by East Carolina University from 2002 to 2005. Rotasonic cores (OBX cores) from five drilling operations were collected from 2002 to 2006 by the North Carolina Geological Survey as part of the cooperative study with the USGS. These cores are distributed throughout the Outer Banks as well as the mainland.
The USGS collected seismic data for the Quaternary section within the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system between 2001 and 2004 during six surveys (2001-013-FA, 2002-015-FA, 2003-005-FA, 2003-042-FA, 2004-005-FA, and 2004-006-FA). These surveys used Geopulse Boomer and Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) 320BR Chirp systems, except cruise 2003-042-FA, which used an Edgetech 424 Chirp and a boomer system. The study area includes Albemarle Sound and selected tributary estuaries such as the South, Pungo, Alligator, and Pasquotank Rivers; Pamlico Sound and trunk estuaries including the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers; and back-barrier sounds including Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke, Core, and Bogue.

北卡罗来纳州东北部海岸系统（范围从弗吉尼亚州假角至北卡罗来纳州卢考特角）已被一项合作研究项目开展系统性研究，该项目完成了河口、障壁岛及内陆架第四纪地质格架的测绘工作。该研究成果可为理解不同时间尺度（从风暴事件至千年尺度）下地质格架、物理过程与海岸演化之间的关联提供理论基础。本研究区域的公园与海滩拥有极高的旅游吸引力，区域内分布多处沿海社区，并支撑着本地渔业发展，而所有这些产业与社区均受海岸变化的影响。本项目产出的研究成果可用于减缓海岸灾害风险，并助力该动态海岸系统的高效管理。

本区域测绘项目生成了多套空间数据集，涵盖高分辨率地球物理数据（包括水深测量、反向散射强度与地震反射数据）以及沉积学数据（包括岩心与抓斗采样数据）。高分辨率地球物理数据采集工作覆盖障壁后河口系统、障壁岛群、近岸区域以及内陆架区域，通过多次勘测完成数据收集。沉积岩心采样工作在陆地区域及障壁岛沿线开展，而内陆架区域同时采集了岩心与抓斗样品。本次数据采集工作由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）与多家合作机构共同完成，包括东卡罗来纳大学（East Carolina University, ECU）、北卡罗来纳州地质调查局以及弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所（Virginia Institute of Marine Science, VIMS）。

内陆架的高分辨率地球物理数据采集工作于1999年至2004年间通过6次独立勘测完成（其中4次为美国地质调查局在哈特拉斯角以北开展的勘测：1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA、2002-013-FA；另外2次为哈特拉斯角以南的勘测：2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA），覆盖内陆架区域超过2600平方千米。1999年，研究团队在哈特拉斯角以北区域使用古野（Furuno）测深仪采集了单波束测深数据。其余所有内陆架勘测均使用SEA有限公司的SwathPLUS 234千赫兹测深声呐采集条带测深数据。在哈特拉斯角以北区域，研究团队使用泰莱达因本托斯（Teledyne Benthos，原Datasonics）SIS-1000系统采集了啁啾地震数据与侧扫声呐数据，并在1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA以及2002-013-FA这四次勘测中采集了电火花震源地震反射数据。在哈特拉斯角以南的2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA两次勘测中，研究团队使用Edgetech 512i采集啁啾地震数据，并搭配Klein 3000侧扫声呐系统开展数据采集。在四次美国地质调查局勘测（1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-013-FA与2004-003-FA）中，研究团队使用Van Veen抓斗采样器采集了沉积样品。内陆架区域的补充沉积岩心数据来自已发表的相关研究成果。

1996年，北卡罗来纳州地质调查局与矿产管理服务局（Minerals Management Service，MMS岩心）合作开展了一项研究，在北卡罗来纳州纳格斯黑德、基尔德维尔希尔斯与基蒂霍克近海的内陆架区域采集了振动岩心。美国陆军工程兵团于1995年8月（NDC岩心）以及1995年7-8月（SNL岩心）在戴尔县近海的内陆架区域采集了振动岩心样品。上述岩心均由北卡罗来纳州地质调查局保存并管理，并作为本次研究地面验证工作的一部分得以使用。

弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所开展了近岸区域地球物理与岩心数据的采集工作。本次研究中，近岸区域被定义为10米等深线与海岸线之间的海域。研究团队于2002年6月至2004年5月间采集了高分辨率水深测量、反向散射强度与啁啾地震数据。振动岩心样品采集工作于2005年5月与7月完成。

研究团队使用探地雷达（ground-penetrating radar, GPR）系统在外岸群岛沿线采集了浅部地下地球物理数据。该数据采集工作由东卡罗来纳大学于2002年至2005年间完成。作为与美国地质调查局合作研究的一部分，北卡罗来纳州地质调查局于2002年至2006年间通过5次钻探作业采集了旋转声波岩心（OBX岩心）。该批岩心分布于外岸群岛及陆地区域。

美国地质调查局于2001年至2004年间通过6次勘测（2001-013-FA、2002-015-FA、2003-005-FA、2003-042-FA、2004-005-FA与2004-006-FA）完成了阿尔伯马尔-帕姆利科河口系统内第四纪地层的地震数据采集工作。除2003-042-FA勘测采用Edgetech 424啁啾系统与电火花震源系统外，其余勘测均使用Geopulse电火花震源系统与克努森工程有限公司（Knudsen Engineering Limited, KEL）320BR啁啾系统。本研究区域涵盖阿尔伯马尔湾及南河、庞戈河、阿利盖特河与帕斯科坦克河等选定支流河口；帕姆利科湾及纽斯河、帕姆利科河等主干河口；以及科里塔克湾、克罗阿坦湾、罗阿诺克湾、科尔湾与博格湾等障壁后海湾。