Data from: Electrically functionalized body surface for deep-tissue bioelectrical recording

Directly probing deep tissue activities from body surfaces offers a non-invasive approach to monitoring essential physiological processes. However, this method is technically challenged by rapid signal attenuation toward the body surface and confounding motion artifacts, primarily due to excessive contact impedance and mechanical mismatch with conventional electrodes. Here, we produce low-impedance electrically functionalized body surfaces (EFBS) by formulating and directly spray coating biocompatible two-dimensional nanosheet ink onto the human body under ambient conditions to create microscopically conformal and adaptive van der Waals thin films (VDWTFs). Unlike traditional deposition methods, which often struggle with conformality and adaptability while retaining high electronic performance, these VDWTFs are stretchable and form directly on the body surface under bio-friendly conditions, seamlessly merging with non-Euclidean, hairy, and dynamically evolving body surfaces. This results in robust monitoring of biopotential and bioimpedance modulations associated with deep-tissue activities, such as blood circulation, muscle movements, and brain activities. Compared to commercial solutions, the VDWTF-EFBS exhibits nearly two orders of magnitude lower contact impedance and substantially reduces the extrinsic motion artifacts, enabling reliable extraction of bioelectrical signals from irregular body surfaces, such as unshaved human scalps. This technology advances capability for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of deep-tissue activities during routine body movements.