BUILDING CITIZENS: SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SOCIETAL PROGRAMME - COMPARATIVE VISIONS FROM 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY SWITZERLAND AND LUXEMBOURG

ABSTRACT The paper examines the hypothesis, that school buildings construct the future citizens of the nation-state. We specifically ask, how such national constructions play out in multilingual nation-states. With a special focus on the development of school architecture in a variety of regions including as major cases Luxembourg and Switzerland, the paper analyses school buildings as the spaces where the act of physically going to school takes place. As a dominant of the local scenery, schools were also actively involved in the presentation of spaces, displaying concepts of the nation or its sub-units. In Switzerland, it reveals the strong importance of the cantons and communities; in Luxembourg it showed the significant role of the capital as well as the local commune and demographical policies of the country: While national coherence was emphasized and also symbolically transported for instance through uniform school buildings or model school types, we found also that the school buildings were of overall importance for the profile finding of regions and communes and became powerful agents of societal planning in anchoring citizens to specific regions and shaping the core of the village. In both cases, the article demonstrates the significant contribution of school buildings to the manifold ways of unifying citizens and differentiating them according to societal needs.

摘要 本研究旨在验证一项假说：校舍型构了民族国家的未来公民。本研究具体探讨：这类民族国家建构在多语言民族国家中是如何实践展开的。本研究重点聚焦多类地区的校舍建筑发展历程，其中以卢森堡与瑞士为核心案例，将校舍视为实际到校就学行为发生的空间展开分析。作为当地景观的核心组成部分，校舍还积极参与空间意象的塑造，承载着民族或其下辖行政单元的理念。在瑞士，研究揭示了州（cantons）与社区的核心地位；在卢森堡，则展现了首都、地方公社（commune）以及该国人口政策的关键作用：尽管研究强调了国家凝聚力的重要性，且可通过统一校舍或标准化学校类型实现符号化传递，但同时也发现，校舍对于地区与公社的形象塑造具有整体意义，且成为社会规划的重要载体，将公民锚定在特定区域，并塑造了村庄的核心特质。综上，本研究表明，校舍在多维度凝聚公民、并依据社会需求对其进行差异化区分的过程中，发挥了重要作用。