Trust game

YOUth is a large-scale longitudinal cohort study following children from the city of Utrecht and its surrounding areas in their development from pregnancy until early adulthood. The YOUth cohort focuses on neurocognitive development involved in two core characteristics of behavioral development: social competence and behavioral control. YOUth includes children from the general population to cover the whole range of variation in behavioral development, ranging from uncomplicated development, through problem behavior, to psychiatric disorders. To understand why some children develop problematic behavior, and others show resilience, YOUth measures a broad range of biological, child-related and environmental determinants.

YOUth conducts repeated measurements at regular intervals (i.e. 'waves'). Specifically, the study has two inclusion moments: YOUth Baby & Child and YOUth Child & Adolescent. YOUth applies a flexible longitudinal design to the cohorts, meaning that children are measured at broader age ranges (3-year age ranges) at each wave. The main benefit of the flexible age design is that it provides more detailed information on the neurodevelopmental curves over time.

An extensive data set is generated, including 3D-ultrasound sweeps of the fetal brain, eye tracking, EEG, (f)MRI, computer tasks, cognitive measurements and parent-child observations. We also collect a broad range of questionnaires on behavior, personality, health, lifestyle, parenting, child development, use of (social) media and more. Finally, (umbilical) blood samples, buccal swabs, saliva and hair samples are collected at each visit, and stored in the UMC Utrecht Biobank.

「YOUth」是一项大型纵向队列研究，追踪荷兰乌得勒支市及其周边地区儿童从孕期至成年早期的整个发育进程。该队列聚焦于行为发展两大核心特征所涉及的神经认知发育：社交能力与行为控制。「YOUth」队列纳入普通人群中的儿童，以覆盖行为发展的全维度变异谱系，从无并发症的正常发育、问题行为直至精神障碍均纳入研究范畴。为探究部分儿童出现问题行为的成因，以及部分儿童展现出韧性的机制，本研究对多维度的生物学、儿童自身相关及环境性决定因素进行了系统测量。

「YOUth」按固定周期开展重复测量（即「随访波次」）。本研究设有两个入组节点：「YOUth Baby & Child」与「YOUth Child & Adolescent」。队列采用灵活的纵向研究设计，即每一轮随访均针对跨度为3年的年龄区间内的儿童开展测评。这种灵活的年龄区间设计的核心优势在于，能够为追踪随时间变化的神经发育曲线提供更为精细的动态信息。

该队列产生了丰富的多模态数据集，涵盖胎儿脑部三维超声扫查、眼动追踪、脑电图（EEG）、功能磁共振成像（(f)MRI）、计算机任务测验、认知测评以及亲子互动观察等多类数据。同时，研究团队还收集了涵盖行为、人格、健康、生活方式、养育方式、儿童发育、（社交）媒体使用等多领域的大量问卷数据。最后，每一次随访均会采集脐带血、口腔拭子、唾液及毛发样本，并存储于乌得勒支大学医学中心（UMC Utrecht）生物样本库中。