Supplementary Material for: Dementia Among Minority Populations: A Scoping Review of Meaning, Language, And Translation

Background: Dementia as a neurocognitive disorder is becoming increasingly common worldwide, and minority groups are more vulnerable than the general population. Many factors may contribute to their vulnerability such as misconceptions, language barriers, cultural factors, invalid assessment tools, lack of knowledge or assigning spiritual beliefs to dementia symptoms. Therefore, this scoping literature review aims to clarify how empirical studies reflect the meaning of dementia, language, and translation among minority ethnic groups. Summary: The PRISMA extension for the scoping review protocol was used. Thirty-eight studies published in English were reviewed and analysed. The findings revealed that lack of knowledge about dementia and attributing the disease to the normal ageing process were frequent among minority groups. Furthermore, their cultural-specific perspectives and worldviews of wellness and wellbeing can impact the way dementia is perceived, consequent help-seeking behaviours, or caregiving. Facilitating educational programs to enhance the knowledge and experiences of ethnic communities might be beneficial. Moreover, language is shown to be an important aspect in dementia assessment and participants’ educational level could significantly impact their functional capacity when responding to cognitive measures. Even though there are some useful screening tests, diagnosis barriers might be eased by assessment tool development, modifications, and accurate translations for ethnic communities. Key Messages: A promising pathway to support ethnically diverse communities regarding dementia can be raising awareness, providing ethnic-specific services, developing cultural-specific tools to assess dementia or any cognitive impairment by considering perceptions, language, and culture among ethnic groups. Cultural and spiritual considerations could also encourage engagement during assessment.

背景：作为一种神经认知障碍的痴呆症（Dementia）在全球范围内的发病率日益攀升，少数族裔群体相较于普通人群更易受到该病的侵害。多种因素可能加剧少数族裔的患病风险，包括认知误区、语言壁垒、文化因素、失效的评估工具、相关知识匮乏，以及将痴呆症症状归因于精神信仰等。因此，本范围综述（scoping literature review）旨在阐明实证研究如何反映少数族裔群体中痴呆症的认知、语言及翻译相关议题。
总结：本研究采用了系统综述与元分析优先报告条目（PRISMA）的范围综述扩展方案。共纳入38篇已发表的英文研究进行回顾与分析。研究结果显示，少数族裔群体中普遍存在对痴呆症相关知识匮乏，以及将该病归因于正常衰老过程的情况。此外，少数族裔特有的健康与福祉视角及世界观，会影响其对痴呆症的认知、后续的求助行为乃至照护方式。开展针对性教育项目以提升族裔群体的相关认知与认知经验，或可带来积极效益。此外，语言是痴呆症评估中的重要维度，受试者的受教育水平会显著影响其在认知测试中的功能表现。尽管已有部分实用的筛查工具，但通过开发、改良评估工具，并为族裔群体提供精准翻译版本，或可缓解诊断障碍。
核心要点：针对痴呆症议题支持多元族裔社区的可行路径包括：提升公众认知、提供族裔专属服务，以及结合少数族裔的认知、语言与文化特点，开发适用于文化场景的痴呆症或其他认知障碍评估工具。在评估过程中纳入文化与精神层面的考量，也可促进受试者的参与度。