Tópicos de ontem, tópicos de hoje: o tratamento da mesóclise e do infinitivo pessoal nas gramáticas de português para italianos (sécs. XIX)

The current practice of didactics of the Portuguese language reveals how the Italian student finds special learning difficulties in some areas where Portuguese diverges greatly from Italian. Among these areas, the infinitivo pessoal and the mesóclise or tmesi stand out, peculiarities of the Portuguese language absent in the language of Dante. This article intends to adopt a diachronic perspective, proposing a journey through the first grammars from Portuguese to Italians, published in the nineteenth century, choosing as terminus ad quem the First World War. The questions to which this article will try to give an answer are three: 1) can the grammars of this first period give said difficulties an effective answer from a didactic point of view? 2) with the variability of the nature of grammars also varies the awareness that certain aspects of the Portuguese language represent a special and specific degree of difficulty for the Italian student? 3) Does the way these difficulties are made explicit or analysed also vary? From the answer to these questions depends on the possibility of understanding and evaluating to what extent the teaching methods of Portuguese for Italian speakers took account, already in XIXº century, the specificities of the learner and had as objective to obtain an advanced and exhaustive linguistic competence.

当前葡萄牙语教学法（didactics of the Portuguese language）实践表明，意大利语母语学习者在葡萄牙语与意大利语差异显著的部分领域，会遭遇特殊的学习难点。其中尤为突出的是有人称不定式（infinitivo pessoal）与中置语序（mesóclise / tmesi）——这些皆是葡萄牙语独有的语言特征，在但丁所使用的古意大利语体系中并不存在。本文拟采用历时研究视角（diachronic perspective），梳理19世纪以来首部面向意大利语学习者的葡萄牙语语法著作的发展脉络，并以第一次世界大战作为研究截止节点（terminus ad quem）。本文将尝试解答以下三个问题：1. 这一时期的语法教材能否从教学法层面，针对上述学习难点给出有效的应对方案？2. 随着语法教材编写性质的差异，对“葡萄牙语部分内容对意大利语学习者而言存在特殊且明确的学习难度”这一认知是否也会随之变化？3. 对这些学习难点的阐释与分析路径是否同样存在差异？对上述问题的解答，将有助于理解并评估：早在19世纪，面向意大利语使用者的葡萄牙语教学方法，是否已充分考量学习者的个体特征，并以培养学习者精通且全面的语言能力为目标。