Comparative Bird Community Assessments in Grassland, Shrubland, and Woodland Habitats at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (1991-1997 and 2022-2023)

Across North America, avifauna abundance has declined by 30% since
1970 (Rosenberg, K.V. et al. 2019). Direct mortality from
anthropogenic sources (pets, cars, collisions with building, power
lines, wind turbines, etc.) and indirect mortality (habitat loss,
disturbance, climate change, etc.) have both been major contributors
to these declines (Loss, S.R. et al. 2015 and Calvert, A.M. et al.
2013). Variables such as migration patterns, family, breeding and
non-breeding biomes show differing rates of decline (Rosenberg, K.V.
et al. 2019). In New Mexico, there are three breeding biomes all
classified with declining avian abundance. Avian abundance in
grasslands has declined by 53.3% since 1970, western forests by
29.5% and arid lands by 17.0% (Rosenberg, K.V. et al. 2019). All
three of these biomes also occur at the Sevilleta National Wildlife
Refuge thus temporal declines in species richness and abundance are
expected. This project was originally designed to sample the species
richness and abundance of birds on the Sevilleta National Wildlife
Refuge in three types of habitat: grassland, creosote shrubland and
pinyon-juniper woodland. Surveys were conducted between January 1991
and May 1997 (Parmenter, R. 2016). Surveys were re-established in
2022 to document current species richness and abundance and to
capture any temporal changes from the 90s data. Avian point count
survey stations in grassland, creosote and pinyon-juniper habitats
run through existing study sites which have all been subjected to
intense research activity.

Literature Cited

A. M. Calvert, C. A. Bishop, R. D. Elliot, E. A. Krebs, T. M. Kydd,
C. S. Machtans, G. J. Robertson, A synthesis of human-related avian
mortality in Canada. Avian Conserv. Ecol. 8, art11 (2013).
https://www.ace-eco.org/vol8/iss2/art11/

Loss, S. R., Will, T., Marra, P. P. 2015. Direct Mortality of Birds
from Anthropogenic causes. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 46, 99–120.
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054133

Parmenter, R. 2016. Bird Community Assessment in Grassland,
Shrubland, and Woodland Habitats at the Sevilleta National Wildlife
Refuge, New Mexico (1991-1997) ver 120281. Environmental Data
Initiative.
https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/3beb1560512426422d81806084a1f56b
(Accessed 2021-09-14).

Rosenberg, K.V., Dokter, A.M., Blancher, P.J., Sauer, J.R., Smith,
A.C., Smith, P.A., Stanton, J.C., Panjabi, A., Helft, L., Parr, M.,
Marra, P.P. 2019. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science,
366(6461), 120-124.
https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaw1313

自1970年以来，北美地区的鸟类区系（avifauna）丰度已下降30%（Rosenberg, K.V. 等，2019）。人为来源直接致死因素（家宠、车辆、建筑碰撞、输电线、风力涡轮机等）与间接致死因素（栖息地丧失、人为干扰、气候变化等）均是此类种群下降的主要诱因（Loss, S.R. 等，2015；Calvert, A.M. 等，2013）。迁徙模式、类群、繁殖与非繁殖生物群系（biome）等变量会表现出不同的下降速率（Rosenberg, K.V. 等，2019）。

在新墨西哥州，共有三类繁殖生物群系均被划为鸟类丰度下降区域。其中草原鸟类丰度自1970年以来下降53.3%，西部森林下降29.5%，干旱地带下降17.0%（Rosenberg, K.V. 等，2019）。上述三类生物群系均分布于塞维利塔国家野生动物保护区（Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge），因此预计该区域的鸟类物种丰富度与丰度也会随时间出现下降。

本项目最初旨在调查塞维利塔国家野生动物保护区内三类生境的鸟类物种丰富度与丰度：草原、石炭酸灌丛（creosote shrubland）与矮松-桧木林（pinyon-juniper woodland）。调查于1991年1月至1997年5月间开展（Parmenter, R.，2016）。2022年该调查重新启动，以记录当前的物种丰富度与丰度，并捕捉与1990年代调研数据相比的时序变化。

设于草原、石炭酸灌丛与矮松-桧木林生境中的鸟类点计数调查站点，均位于已开展过大量研究工作的现有研究样地内。

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### 引用文献
Calvert, A. M., Bishop, C. A., Elliot, R. D., Krebs, E. A., Kydd, T. M., Machtans, C. S., Robertson, G. J. 2013. 加拿大人类相关鸟类死亡研究综述. 《鸟类保护与生态学》（Avian Conserv. Ecol.）8, art11. https://www.ace-eco.org/vol8/iss2/art11/

Loss, S. R., Will, T., Marra, P. P. 2015. 鸟类人为直接致死因素. 《生态学、进化与系统学年评》（Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.）46, 99–120. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054133

Parmenter, R. 2016. 新墨西哥州塞维利塔国家野生动物保护区草原、灌丛与林地生境的鸟类群落评估（1991-1997）版本120281. 环境数据倡议（Environmental Data Initiative）. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/3beb1560512426422d81806084a1f56b（2021年9月14日访问）

Rosenberg, K.V., Dokter, A.M., Blancher, P.J., Sauer, J.R., Smith, A.C., Smith, P.A., Stanton, J.C., Panjabi, A., Helft, L., Parr, M., Marra, P.P. 2019. 北美鸟类区系的衰退. 《科学》（Science）366(6461), 120-124. https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aaw1313