Summary of responses to free-flight antennal stimulation of extrinsic antennal muscles in six animals.

Responses in body pitch angle are quantified by calculating the difference ΔΘ between the mean pitch angle (Θ) of a 200 ms period before stimulus onset and the maximum Θ during 400 ms after stimulus onset. All pitch responses were nose-up, with pitch magnitude indicated as follows: +: ΔΘ>10°; + +: ΔΘ>15°; + + +: ΔΘ>20° (maximum was 29°). Yaw axis responses are defined as changes in yaw heading that happened within 400 ms of stimulus onset. Yaw responses varied from one stimulation to the next. Animals either turned clockwise (+), counter-clockwise (−), or showed no change (n.r.) in yaw heading. Symbols in the Δaltitude column indicate whether a change in the z-coordinate of the moth occurred after stimulation. A change in altitude of ±10 cm between a 200 ms interval before, and a 200 ms interval after stimulus onset is symbolized with a − or +, depending on whether the moth lost or gained altitude, respectively. Similarly, a change greater than ±15 cm is shown as either − − or ++ (maximum was 22 cm/s ). Similarly, the Δspeed column indicates changes in the mean body speed before and after stimulus onset. (+ +: >1 m/s2; −: 2; − −: 2; − − −: 2(max. was −2.8 m/s2). In most cases, stimulation is associated with a decrease in ground speed. In cells labeled “n.a.”, parameters could not be computed because a full 3D path was impossible to reconstruct.