Dietary patterns of elderly persons from the city of São Paulo: evidence from the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Aging) survey

Abstract Objective: to determine the dietary patterns of elderly persons in terms of sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical aspects. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted using the cohorts of the SABE (Health, Wellbeing and Aging) study. An epidemiological, home-based study representative of the city of São Paulo was carried out. The population of this study included 1,304 elderly persons (≥60 years), of both genders, selected by probabilistic stratified sampling, interviewed in 2010. Food intake data were obtained through a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined by exploratory factorial analysis by principal components. The Wald test was used for complex sampling. Results: four dietary patterns were identified: inadequate patterns, consisting of fried and canned food, sausages, sweets, tubers, industrialized sauces and eggs; modified pattern, skimmed milk, whole grain breads and cereals, light/diet/zero foods; beneficial pattern, fruits, vegetables and tubers; and traditional Brazilian pattern, vegetable oils, rice, refined cereals and white bread, meats and legumes (beans). The sociodemographic and lifestyle profile of the elderly persons who adopted each dietary pattern was different. Conclusion: healthier dietary patterns were associated with the female gender, older elderly persons, two or more chronic diseases, higher levels of schooling, a better lifestyle and a better self-perception of health. It is important to consider all these aspects as they are determinant in the type of diet adopted by this population.

摘要：
研究目的：旨在从社会人口学特征、生活方式与临床维度，探究老年人群的饮食模式。
研究方法：本研究依托SABE（健康、福祉与老龄化，Health, Wellbeing and Aging）研究队列开展横断面调查。该研究为以家庭为调研场景、具有圣保罗市人群代表性的流行病学研究，共纳入1304名年龄≥60岁的老年受试者，涵盖两性，通过概率分层抽样选取，并于2010年完成访谈。膳食摄入数据通过定性食物频率问卷采集；饮食模式采用基于主成分的探索性因子分析法确定，复杂抽样的统计检验采用Wald检验。
研究结果：共识别出四类饮食模式：其一为不良饮食模式，以油炸食品、罐装食品、香肠、甜食、块根类食物、工业调味酱及鸡蛋为核心食物；其二为改良型饮食模式，包含脱脂牛奶、全谷物面包与谷物、轻食/减重/零添加食品；其三为有益饮食模式，涵盖水果、蔬菜及块根类食物；其四为巴西传统饮食模式，包含植物油、大米、精制谷物与白面包、肉类及豆类（豆子）。采用不同饮食模式的老年人群，其社会人口学特征与生活方式均存在显著差异。
研究结论：更健康的饮食模式与女性群体、高龄老年人、合并2种及以上慢性病、受教育程度更高、生活方式更健康以及健康自评状况更佳显著相关。需充分考量上述因素，因其对该人群的饮食选择具有决定性影响。