Data for: International Trade Liberalisation and the Limits of Resource Nationalism in Rentier States: A Cross-National Analysis of US Free Trade Agreements in the GCC

This paper addresses the relationship between trade liberalisation and resource nationalism in rentier states. Because of their typically clientelist institutions, rentier states are often considered in academic literature as most-likely candidates for resource nationalism. Yet, between 2003-7, two Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states namely Bahrain and Oman concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) with the US despite their liberalising effect on the oil and gas sectors. This paper examines why unlike the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain and Oman were unconstrained by resource nationalism and identifies the factors that led them to negotiate FTAs in the first place. Using typologies and process tracing of FTA negotiations in Bahrain, Oman, and the UAE, this paper finds that bargaining power measured in aggregate oil and gas reserves and resource abundance measured in per capita oil and gas exports jointly determined negotiating outcomes. While Bahrain and Oman negotiated US FTAs to support textile industries and protect jobs, their relatively modest levels of oil production diminished their bargaining power and propensity for resource nationalism. The opposite is true for the rest of the GCC states that faced less employment pressures or possessed large oil and gas reserves, control of which they were unwilling to cede. The present dataset pertains to the GCC states' exports to the US during the period between 2003-7. The data was mostly obtained from the US International Trade Commission, the World Bank, OPEC, and the individual GCC states' data portals. The data was used to calculate the GCC states' export dependence and export concentration as well as to identify top export commodities including those that benefited from GSP exemptions in the US.

本文探讨食利国（rentier states）的贸易自由化与资源民族主义之间的关联。鉴于这类国家普遍存在庇护主义制度，学术文献常将其视作最易滋生资源民族主义的典型对象。但在2003至2007年间，海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会（Gulf Cooperation Council, GCC）的两个成员国——巴林与阿曼——仍与美国签署了自由贸易协定（Free Trade Agreements, FTAs），尽管此类协定将对其油气领域产生自由化效应。本文旨在解答为何巴林与阿曼并未如阿拉伯联合酋长国（United Arab Emirates, UAE）那般受到资源民族主义的掣肘，并厘清推动两国率先启动自贸协定谈判的关键动因。研究通过运用类型学分析框架，并对巴林、阿曼及阿联酋的自贸谈判进程进行追踪，发现：以油气总储量衡量的议价能力，与以人均油气出口额衡量的资源丰裕度，共同决定了谈判结果。巴林与阿曼启动美自贸谈判，意在扶持本国纺织产业并保障就业岗位；但两国石油产量相对有限，削弱了其议价能力与资源民族主义倾向。其余海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会成员国则呈现出相反态势：它们要么面临的就业压力更小，要么坐拥大规模油气储量，且不愿让渡对这类资源的控制权，因此未采取类似的自贸谈判策略。本数据集涉及2003至2007年间海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会成员国对美国的出口情况。数据主要来源于美国国际贸易委员会（US International Trade Commission）、世界银行、石油输出国组织（OPEC）以及各海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会成员国的官方数据门户。本数据集被用于计算海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会成员国的出口依赖度与出口集中度，并识别出在美国境内享受普惠制（Generalized System of Preferences, GSP）豁免的核心出口商品。