Restructuring Large Housing Estates in European Cities: Good Practices and New Visions for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Cities - data from 31 large housing estates in 10 European countries (2004)

The empirical dataset is derived from a survey carried out on 25 estates in 14 cities in nine different European countries: France (Lyon), Germany (Berlin), Hungary (Budapest and Nyiregyha´za), Italy (Milan), the Netherlands (Amsterdam and Utrecht), Poland (Warsaw), Slovenia (Ljubljana and Koper), Spain (Barcelona and Madrid), and Sweden (Jo¨nko¨ping and Stockholm). The survey was part of the EU RESTATE project (Musterd & Van Kempen, 2005). A similar survey was constructed for all 25 estates. The survey was carried out between February and June 2004. In each case, a random sample was drawn, usually from the whole estate. For some estates, address lists were used as the basis for the sample; in other cases, the researchers first had to take a complete inventory of addresses themselves (for some deviations from this general trend and for an overview of response rates, see Musterd & Van Kempen, 2005). In most cities, survey teams were hired to carry out the survey. They worked under the supervision of the RESTATE partners. Briefings were organised to instruct the survey teams. In some cases (for example, in Amsterdam and Utrecht), interviewers were recruited from specific ethnic groups in order to increase the response rate among, for example, the Turkish and Moroccan residents on the estates. In other cases, family members translated questions during a face-to-face interview. The interviewers with an immigrant background were hired in those estates where this made sense. In some estates it was not necessary to do this because the number of immigrants was (close to) zero (as in most cases in CE Europe). The questionnaire could be completed by the respondents themselves, but also by the interviewers in a face-to-face interview. Data and Representativeness The data file contains 4756 respondents. Nearly all respondents indicated their satisfaction with the dwelling and the estate. Originally, the data file also contained cases from the UK. However, UK respondents were excluded from the analyses because of doubts about the reliability of the answers to the ethnic minority questions. This left 25 estates in nine countries. In general, older people and original populations are somewhat over-represented, while younger people and immigrant populations are relatively under-represented, despite the fact that in estates with a large minority population surveyors were also employed from minority ethnic groups. For younger people, this discrepancy probably derives from the extent of their activities outside the home, making them more difficult to reach. The under-representation of the immigrant population is presumably related to language and cultural differences. For more detailed information on the representation of population in each case, reference is made to the reports of the researchers in the different countries which can be downloaded from the programme website. All country reports indicate that despite these over- and under-representations, the survey results are valuable for the analyses of their own individual situation. This dataset is the result of a team effort lead by Professor Ronald van Kempen, Utrecht University with funding from the EU Fifth Framework.

本实证数据集源自针对9个欧洲国家14座城市中的25个住宅社区开展的调研：法国（里昂）、德国（柏林）、匈牙利（布达佩斯与尼赖吉哈佐）、意大利（米兰）、荷兰（阿姆斯特丹与乌得勒支）、波兰（华沙）、斯洛文尼亚（卢布尔雅那与科佩尔）、西班牙（巴塞罗那与马德里）以及瑞典（延雪平与斯德哥尔摩）。该调研为欧盟RESTATE项目（Musterd与Van Kempen，2005）的组成部分。所有25个住宅社区均采用统一的调研方案，调研执行周期为2004年2月至6月。

所有受访者均通过随机抽样方式抽取，抽样框架通常覆盖整个住宅社区。部分社区以现有地址清单作为抽样基础；其余社区则由研究人员自行完成全量地址普查（关于该标准流程的部分偏差情况与应答率概述，请参阅Musterd与Van Kempen，2005）。多数城市聘请了专业调研团队开展工作，团队在RESTATE项目合作方的监督下作业，并通过专项培训明确调研规范。在部分案例中（如阿姆斯特丹与乌得勒支），访员从特定族裔群体中招募，以提升社区内土耳其裔、摩洛哥裔等群体的应答率；其余案例中，则由受访者家属在面对面访谈期间协助翻译问卷内容。具备移民背景的访员仅在有适配需求的社区聘用，部分社区因移民人口占比极低（接近为零，如中东欧多数社区），无需开展此类适配工作。问卷既可由受访者自行填写，也可由访员通过面对面访谈代为完成。

数据与样本代表性
本数据集共收录4756名受访者的有效数据，几乎所有受访者均对其住宅与所在社区给出了满意度评价。原始数据集原本包含英国的调研样本，但由于对少数族裔相关问题的回答可靠性存疑，英国受访者被排除在本次分析之外，最终保留9个国家的25个住宅社区样本。总体而言，老年群体与本土原住民群体的占比略有偏高，而青年群体与移民群体的占比相对偏低——尽管在少数族裔占比较高的社区，调研团队也聘用了少数族裔访员，但该偏差仍未完全消除。对于青年群体，该偏差大概率源于其户外活动范围更广，因此更难接触到；而移民群体的代表性不足则主要与语言和文化差异相关。如需了解各社区的人口代表性细节，请参阅各参与国研究人员提交的国别报告，相关报告可从项目官方网站下载。所有国别报告均显示，尽管存在上述代表性偏差，本次调研结果仍可有效用于分析各社区的个体境况。

本数据集由乌得勒支大学罗纳德·范·肯彭（Ronald van Kempen）教授领衔的团队完成研发，项目经费来源于欧盟第五框架计划。