Protandim suppressed DMBA/TPA induced apoptosis.

Skin tissues from each treatment group were collected at the end of the skin carcinogenesis study. Skin tissues were fixed and apoptotic cells were counted using light microscopy. The histological examination was confirmed with a pathologist (X.G.) and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the effects of TPA and Protandim on the number of apoptotic cells present per 100 cells. Tukey-Kramer method was used in the adjustment for multiple comparisons. Statistical software SAS system 9.3 (SAS Inc. Gary, NC) was used for two-way ANOVA data analysis. *, significantly different from Ctrl Veh: DMSO; #, significantly different from Ctrl/TPA. Ctrl: control basal diet (AIN-76A); Veh: Vehicle control (DMSO); Pro: Protandim-containing diet; TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.