Data and codes for late Paleozoic climate

The model output files now cover all 12 time slices from 360 Ma to 250 Ma, spaced at 10-million-year intervals. Each time slice is represented by two netCDF files: One file containing atmospheric variables (e.g., surface temperature, precipitation), named as XXXMa.nc (e.g., 250Ma.nc); Another file containing oceanic variables (e.g., sea surface temperature), named as XXXMa_Ocn.nc (e.g., 250Ma_Ocn.nc). Besides, a set of climate sensitivity experiments, which explore the effects of varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations, orbital parameters and continental configurations. These include: 260Ma_400ppm.nc, 300Ma_reverse.nc, 300Ma_800ppm.nc, 300Ma_800ppm_reverse.nc, and 340Ma_400ppm.nc, that were used to analyze the relationship between climate variability and CO2 forcing (as shown in Figs. 4–5).This structure allows users to access both land–atmosphere and oceanic climate fields separately, facilitating more flexible reuse across research applications. In addition, we have included all Python scripts used to generate the figures in the main text and Supplementary Information, ensuring full reproducibility of the data visualizations.