Summary of hypothesis testing.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between internal control, financial accountability, and financial performance in the private healthcare sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) through a questionnaire survey of 78 private hospitals. Drawing on agency theory, the study utilized structural equation modelling with partial least-squares technique to test multiple hypotheses. Results indicate a significant positive relationship between internal control and financial performance, with financial accountability acting as a mediator. Additionally, financial accountability was found to have a direct positive effect on financial performance. These findings provide new evidence for improving financial performance in private hospitals in the KSA through the implementation of internal control and financial accountability measures. Further research could examine additional factors that may impact financial performance in the healthcare sector.