The microsporidium Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae is an emerging threat to honey bees (Apis mellifera), known to disrupt gut microbiota and suppress immune responses, potentially contributing to colony
Diagram describing the animal treatment groups. Left column indicates treatment the animals received during puberty (saline = EtOH naïve, or Binge EtOH = EtOH pre-exposed). Left column indicates the s
