Modeled estimates of permafrost hydrology and related fields for pan-Arctic region over the period 1980-2100

This dataset contains gridded estimates of total runoff (mm/day); subsurface runoff (mm/day); snow water equivalent (SWE, mm/day); vertical upward water flux of combined surface evaporation, evapotranspiration, and snow sublimation (mm/day); and soil temperature (C) across the pan-Arctic basin from simulations of the Permafrost Water Balance Model (PWBM v4). These data were generated to allow researchers to advance understanding of the changes unfolding in the Arctic's terrestrial water cycle under the influences of climate warming, hydrological cycle intensification, and permafrost thaw. The dataset will enable researchers to address important questions spanning multiple disciplines. For example, how will rising river flows exported to the coast impact critical zone ecosystems, near-shore ice dynamics, and ocean biogeochemical processes. Spatial resolution is 25x25 km with N=39926 grid cells spanning the domain. Three forcing datasets were used to drive simulations at an implicit daily time step over the period 1980-2100. Daily air temperature, precipitation, and wind speed data from the WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA5 reanalysis (W5E5) were used for meteorological forcings over the period 1980-2019. Simulations for the period 1980-2100 used meteorological data from two global climate models; IPSL-CM6A-LR and MPI-ESM1-2-HR. The PWBM hydrological outputs are organized by grid and month in gzipped ASCII text files within each archived tar file. Soil temperature is organized by grid cell and day of year from DOY 205 to DOY 260. No special software is required to work with these data. The package contains spatial domain and river basin information files. These data are most useful for analyses of the spatial and temporal variations in terrestrial hydrology and soil thermal dynamics. A manuscript describing the model simulations and associated analysis has been accepted for publication in The Cryosphere (Rawlins and Karmalkar, 2024).

本数据集包含基于多年冻土水平衡模型（PWBM v4）模拟得到的泛北极流域格点估算数据，具体包括：总径流（mm/天）、地下径流（mm/天）、雪水当量（SWE，mm/天）、地表蒸发、蒸散发与积雪升华总和的垂直向上水通量（mm/天），以及土壤温度（℃）。
本数据集旨在助力研究人员深入理解气候变暖、水文循环加剧以及多年冻土消融影响下，北极陆地水循环正在发生的变化，可支持研究人员解答跨多学科的重要科学问题——例如：汇入沿岸海域的径流持续增加，将如何影响关键带生态系统、近岸冰体动力学以及海洋生物地球化学过程？
该数据集的空间分辨率为25×25 km，全域共包含39926个格点单元。研究采用三套强迫数据集，以隐式日时间步长驱动1980-2100年的数值模拟：1980-2019年的气象强迫数据采用基于ERA5再分析数据的WATCH强迫数据集方法（W5E5）得到的逐日气温、降水与风速数据；1980-2100年的模拟则采用两套全球气候模式的气象数据：IPSL-CM6A-LR与MPI-ESM1-2-HR。
PWBM的水文模拟结果以格点和月份为组织单位，存储于各归档tar文件中的gzip压缩ASCII文本文件内。土壤温度数据则按格点与年积日（DOY）组织，覆盖年积日205至260。处理本数据集无需专用软件，数据包中包含空间域与流域信息文件。
本数据集最适用于陆地水文与土壤热动力学的时空变化分析。一篇描述该模型模拟与相关分析的论文已被《冰冻圈》（The Cryosphere）期刊接收待发表（Rawlins与Karmalkar，2024）。