Understanding the relationship between South Pacific Oscillation and ENSO

To investigate the influence of tropical Pacific SST anomalies on summer SPO variability, we conducted a series of numerical experiments using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model version 2.1 (AM2.1) (The GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team 2004). In these experiments, observed monthly SST anomalies for the period 1979–2023 were imposed onto the climatological annual SST cycle within the tropical Pacific region (20°S–20°N, 120°E–80°W). The experimental design included an ensemble of 10 simulations, each initialized with slightly different initial conditions. Here, we present the sea level pressure outputs from the 10 ensemble members, with each member’s file denoted by “m” followed by its corresponding ensemble number.