LUSzoning: Land-use simulations integrating zoning regulations in Spanish functional urban areas

Table of Content: 1. General context of the data set "LUSzoning”; 2. Background and aims of the study using the data set LUSzoning; 3. The data set LUSzoning. 1. General context of the data set "LUSzoning". The data set "LUSzoning" stands for Land-use simulations integrating zoning regulations in Spanish functional urban areas. The data set has been generated as part of the CONCUR research project (https://www.wsl.ch/en/projects/concur.html) led by Dr. Anna M. Hersperger and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (ERC TBS Consolidator Grant (ID: BSCGIO 157789) for the period 2016-2021. The CONCUR research project is interdisciplinary and aims to develop a scientific basis for adequately integrating spatial policies (in this case, digital zoning plans) into quantitative land-change modelling approaches at the urban regional level. 2. Background and aims of the study using the data set “LUSzoning”. As part of the CONCUR project, a specific task was to integrate planning spatial policies in land-change modelling. Planning can be implemented in modelling using either hard or gradual restrictions. Different studies have addressed the inclusion of spatial planning policies in land-use change modelling. However, the integration of zoning constraints is generally established as hard or Boolean-based restrictions (e.g., whether urban development is allowed or not), while not accounting for the spatial heterogeneity or gradual characteristics within planning zones (e.g., whether planning regulations allow low, medium or high urban density), though these could improve real patterns simulations in urban areas. We assume Spanish General Zoning plans were suitable to explore the integration of planning into land-change modelling as soft constrains because they define land-use intensities in the buildable zoning areas. In light of the above considerations, the overall aim of the study was to model urban land-use changes using a multi-scenario approach that integrates digitized zoning plans for the Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Zaragoza. The following specific objectives were addressed: i) to analyse the role of planning by defining three future scenarios that integrate digitized zoning plans and one scenario that assumes almost no planning intervention; ii) to introduce zoning constraints that reflect different degrees of urban densities; iii) to generate a transferable spatially-explicit modelling framework to integrate planning into land-use change simulations. Four future land-use demands scenarios were defined for the FUAs. Storylines were created considering probable development scenarios related to zoning plans, current Spanish legislation and sustainability goals defined along two axes: a high market-oriented vs. high planning-intervention axis, and an axis of short-term economic growth vs. long-term sustainable growth. The sustainable development scenario (S1) is characterized by low gross floor area (GFA) growth that is limited to areas that are currently under development according to zoning plans. The business-as-usual scenario (S2) is characterized by medium GFA growth in the range of on-going trends. The strong development scenario (S3) is characterized by high GFA growth rates. Growth is restricted to buildable areas without urbanization project designated in zoning plans. The unrestricted development scenario (S4) prioritizes a high degree of market liberalization characterized by high GFA growth that surpasses population demands. S4 follows a rapid economic growth pattern with almost no planning intervention. 3. The data set “LUSzoning”. The dataset includes 16 .asc raster layers providing the simulated land-uses under four defined scenarios for Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia and Zaragoza Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) for 2030. The simulated raster layers were created using CLUMondo simulation framework and have a spatial resolution of 30m. The .asc layers name include the name of the FUA and scenario number. For example, the output from simulating the urban growth for the city of Zaragoza under Scenario 2 is named “Zaragoza_S2.tif”. Furthermore, a .txt file named “Legend.txt” includes the numeric value of the land-use and the category of land-use that represents to interpret the .asc raster layers. The name of the land-use classes is a reclassification of the Urban Atlas 2012 land-use classes within the four Spanish FUAs analyzed.目录：1. 数据集"LUSzoning"概况；2. 基于LUSzoning数据集的研究背景与目标；3. LUSzoning数据集。 1. 数据集"LUSzoning"概况 数据集"LUSzoning"全称为西班牙功能都市区整合分区规制的土地利用模拟数据集（Land-use simulations integrating zoning regulations in Spanish functional urban areas）。该数据集是由Anna M. Hersperger博士主导的CONCUR研究项目（https://www.wsl.ch/en/projects/concur.html）的产出成果，由瑞士国家科学基金会资助的欧洲研究理事会（ERC）TBS巩固型资助（项目编号：BSCGIO 157789）支持，执行周期为2016-2021年。CONCUR研究项目为跨学科研究，旨在为在城市区域层面将空间政策（本研究中为数字化分区规划）合理融入定量土地变化建模方法提供科学依据。 2. 基于LUSzoning数据集的研究背景与目标 作为CONCUR项目的一部分，一项核心任务是将规划空间政策纳入土地变化建模。建模过程中可通过硬性约束或渐进式约束落实规划要求。已有诸多研究探讨了将空间规划政策纳入土地利用变化建模的路径，但现有研究中分区约束的整合通常采用基于布尔逻辑的硬性限制（例如仅判定是否允许城市开发），未考虑规划分区内的空间异质性或渐进式特征（例如规划规制是否允许低、中、高不同等级的城市密度），尽管此类特征能够有效提升城市区域实际格局的模拟效果。研究认为西班牙《通用分区规划》适合作为软性约束纳入土地变化建模，因其对可开发分区内的土地利用强度作出了明确规定。基于上述考量，本研究的总体目标是采用多情景方法，针对马德里、巴塞罗那、瓦伦西亚与萨拉戈萨的功能都市区（Functional Urban Areas, FUA），构建整合数字化分区规划的城市土地利用变化模型。具体研究目标包括：i) 通过设定三种整合数字化分区规划的未来情景与一种近乎无规划干预的情景，分析规划的作用；ii) 引入能够反映不同城市密度等级的分区约束；iii) 构建可迁移的空间显式建模框架，将规划内容纳入土地利用变化模拟。 研究为四个功能都市区设定了四种未来土地利用需求情景。情景设定结合了与分区规划相关的潜在开发场景、现行西班牙法规以及两大维度下的可持续发展目标：一是高市场化vs高规划干预维度，二是短期经济增长vs长期可持续增长维度。可持续发展情景（S1）的特征为总建筑面积（Gross Floor Area, GFA）低速增长，且增长仅局限于分区规划中划定的当前待开发区域。常规发展情景（S2）的特征为总建筑面积以符合当前趋势的中等速度增长。高速发展情景（S3）的特征为总建筑面积高速增长，且增长仅限定于分区规划中划定的可开发且未指定具体城市化项目的区域。无限制发展情景（S4）优先推动高度市场化，表现为总建筑面积高速增长，超出人口需求规模，该情景遵循快速经济增长模式，几乎无规划干预。 3. LUSzoning数据集 本数据集包含16个.asc格式的栅格图层，涵盖巴塞罗那、马德里、瓦伦西亚与萨拉戈萨四个功能都市区2030年四种情景下的模拟土地利用结果。模拟栅格图层基于CLUMondo模拟框架生成，空间分辨率为30米。.asc图层的命名包含功能都市区名称与情景编号，例如，针对萨拉戈萨市情景2下的城市增长模拟结果，文件名为"Zaragoza_S2.tif"。此外，数据集附带一个名为"Legend.txt"的文本文件，其中包含土地利用的数值编码与对应土地利用类别，用于解析.asc栅格图层。土地利用类别的名称是对本次研究涉及的四个西班牙功能都市区内的城市地图集2012（Urban Atlas 2012）土地利用类别进行的重分类。