Supplementary Material for: Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the dietary intake and the human milk (HM) fatty acid (FA) profile of Chinese lactating women. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> HM samples and food records were obtained from 122 Chinese women over 5 visits between 0 and 51 days postpartum. Adjusted multiple regression was performed to explore associations between maternal dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, FAs and foods, and the HM FA profile. Analyses were performed separately for colostrum and mature milk. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid were positively associated with the HM contents of PUFAs, omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs, and linoleic acid (LA), and the intakes of n-3 PUFAs and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were negatively associated with saturated FA levels in HM. Associations were stronger for mature milk. Intakes of milk/dairy, meat/poultry, and eggs were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and EPA in mature milk, whereas the opposite was seen for fish/shrimp. Positive associations were also found between fish/shrimp and total and n-3 PUFAs in mature milk. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The HM FA profile of Chinese women is associated with their diet, and in particular with their FA intake. Tailored nutritional advice based on HM FA composition may optimize HM FA profile and thereby contribute to healthy infant development.

<b><i>引言：</i></b> 本研究旨在探讨中国哺乳期女性的膳食摄入与母乳（Human Milk, HM）脂肪酸（Fatty Acid, FA）谱之间的关联。<b><i>方法：</i></b> 本研究在产后0至51天内对122名中国女性进行了5次随访，采集其母乳样本与膳食记录。采用校正后的多元回归分析，探究母亲膳食摄入的能量、宏量营养素、FA及各类食物与母乳FA谱之间的关联。本研究分别针对初乳与成熟乳开展分析。<b><i>结果：</i></b> 膳食中总多不饱和脂肪酸（Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, PUFAs）、二十碳五烯酸（Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA）及二十二碳六烯酸（Docosahexaenoic Acid）的摄入，与母乳中PUFAs、omega-6（n-6）PUFAs及亚油酸（Linoleic Acid, LA）的含量呈正相关；而膳食中n-3 PUFAs与α-亚麻酸（α-Linolenic Acid, ALA）的摄入，则与母乳中的饱和脂肪酸（Saturated Fatty Acid）水平呈负相关。上述关联在成熟乳中更为显著。成熟乳中，乳类/乳制品、肉类/禽类及蛋类的摄入与n-6 PUFAs、LA及EPA的含量呈负相关，而鱼类/虾类的摄入则呈现相反趋势。此外，成熟乳中鱼类/虾类的摄入与总PUFAs及n-3 PUFAs亦呈正相关。<b><i>结论：</i></b> 中国女性的母乳FA谱与其膳食摄入，尤其是FA摄入密切相关。基于母乳FA组成制定个性化营养指导方案，可优化母乳FA谱，进而助力婴儿健康发育。