Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations: Cardiff Travel Survey, Wave 4, 2024

The Cardiff Travel Survey is a longitudinal survey that aims to (a) establish current and previous (before the coronavirus outbreak) travel habits; (b) explore how travel-related attitudes, social norms and perceptions change over time; and (c) examine the interplay between individual (perceptual) and environmental (infrastructural) factors in travel mode choice, in particular in relation to the uptake of active travel such as walking and cycling in the City of Cardiff, Wales. The Cardiff Travel Survey 2024 (Wave 4) is an opportunity sample that was collected in 2024 (n=2,427) by the Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations (CAST), and is the fourth of a longitudinal series of surveys to be held annually for the duration of the centre. Data for the Cardiff Travel Survey 2024 were collected between 11 April 2023 and 05 June 2024. Participants of the Cardiff Travel Survey 2023 who consented (n=1,324) were recontacted via email to invite them to take part in the 2024 survey. Furthermore, participants were recruited through posts on social media, such as Facebook® and Twitter®. Invitations were posted on CAST and investigator accounts. The survey was hosted on the Qualtrics online survey platform and available in both English and Welsh. Inclusion criteria were that participants had to be at least 18 years of age and live in or travel regularly to Cardiff. The English version of the survey was completed by 2,628 respondents and the Welsh version by 9 respondents. There was evidence of bot activity in the English survey. This led to 1,630 responses to be removed. Incomplete responses (n=129), defined as those without any answers beyond socio-demographic, were removed from the dataset. A further 81 respondents did not complete the first section on current travel behaviours and were also removed. This left a final sample of n=797 adults. Participants were asked to create a unique code that can be used match this survey to the previous and next surveys without knowing their identity. Main topic areas of the questionnaire were: Demographics, Travel behaviours, Physical activity, Physical health and mental wellbeing, Perceptions of infrastructure and environmental quality, Travel-related social identity, Attitudes to active travel, Active travel related social norms, Support for active travel policies, and Unique ID.<p>The Centre for Climate Change Transformations (C3T) will be a global hub for understanding the profound changes required to address climate change. At its core, is a fundamental question of enormous social significance: how can we as a society live differently - and better - in ways that meet the urgent need for rapid and far-reaching emission reductions? While there is now strong international momentum on action to tackle climate change, it is clear that critical targets (such as keeping global temperature rise to well within 2 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels) will be missed without fundamental transformations across all parts of society. C3T's aim is to advance society's understanding of how to transform lifestyles, organisations and social structures in order to achieve a low-carbon future, which is genuinely sustainable over the long-term. Our Centre will focus on people as agents of transformation in four challenging areas of everyday life that impact directly on climate change but have proven stubbornly resistant to change: consumption of goods and physical products, food and diet, travel, and heating/cooling. We will work across multiple scales (individual, community, organisational, national and global) to identify and experiment with various routes to achieving lasting change in these challenging areas. In particular, we will test how far focussing on 'co-benefits' will accelerate the pace of change. Co-benefits are outcomes of value to individuals and society, over and above the benefits from reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These may include improved health and wellbeing, reduced waste, better air quality, greater social equality, security, and affordability, as well as increased ability to adapt and respond to future climate change. For example, low-carbon travel choices (such as cycling and car sharing) may bring health, social and financial benefits that are important for motivating behaviour and policy change. Likewise, aligning environmental and social with economic objectives is vital for behaviour and organisational change within businesses. Our Research Themes recognise that transformative change requires: inspiring yet workable visions of the future (Theme 1); learning lessons from past and current societal shifts (Theme 2); experimenting with different models of social change (Theme 3); together with deep and sustained engagement with communities, business and governments, and a research culture that reflects our aims and promotes action (Theme 4). Our Centre integrates academic knowledge from disciplines across the social and physical sciences with practical insights to generate widespread impact. Our team includes world-leading researchers with expertise in climate change behaviour, choices and governance. We will use a range of theories and research methods to fill key gaps in our understanding of transformation at different spatial and social scales, and show how to target interventions to impactful actions, groups and moments in time.</p>

加的夫出行调查（Cardiff Travel Survey）是一项纵向调查，其研究目标包括：（a）明确受访者当前及新冠疫情暴发前的出行习惯；（b）探究与出行相关的态度、社会规范及认知随时间的变化情况；（c）剖析个体（感知层面）与环境（基础设施层面）因素在出行方式选择中的交互作用，尤其聚焦于威尔士加的夫市的主动出行（active travel，即步行与骑行）普及情况。2024年加的夫出行调查（第四波）是由气候变化与社会转型中心（Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations, CAST）于2024年采集的便利抽样样本（初始有效样本量n=2427），属于该中心存续期间每年开展的纵向调查系列的第四轮调查。2024年加的夫出行调查的数据采集时间为2023年4月11日至2024年6月5日。该调查邀请了2023年加的夫出行调查中已同意后续参与的受访者（n=1324），通过电子邮件再次联系其参与2024年调查；此外，研究团队还通过Facebook®、Twitter®等社交媒体平台发布招募帖，在CAST及研究人员的官方账号进行推广。本次调查依托Qualtrics在线调查平台开展，提供英语与威尔士语两个版本。调查的纳入标准为：受访者年龄需满18周岁，且常住加的夫市或定期前往加的夫市出行。英语版本问卷共回收2628份初始答卷，威尔士语版本回收9份。英语版本答卷中被检测到存在机器人作弊行为，因此剔除1630份答卷；此外，仅完成社会人口统计学相关问题、其余题目均未作答的不完整答卷（n=129）也被从数据集内移除；另有81名受访者未完成当前出行行为相关的第一部分问卷，同样被剔除。最终有效样本量为797名成年人。研究要求受访者生成唯一编码，以便在不泄露身份的前提下将本次调查与前后两轮调查进行匹配。问卷的核心议题涵盖：人口统计学特征、出行行为、身体活动、身体健康与心理健康、基础设施与环境质量认知、出行相关社会认同、主动出行态度、主动出行相关社会规范、主动出行政策支持度，以及唯一识别码。气候变化转型中心（Centre for Climate Change Transformations, C3T）将打造为一个全球性研究枢纽，致力于解析应对气候变化所需的深层次变革。该中心的核心研究问题具备极高的社会价值：我们作为一个社会，该如何以符合快速、广泛减排紧迫需求的方式，实现更具可持续性的生活模式转型？尽管当前全球应对气候变化的行动已具备强劲势头，但显而易见的是，若不对社会各领域进行根本性变革，关键气候目标（例如将全球气温升幅控制在较工业化前水平低2摄氏度以内）将无法实现。C3T的研究目标是提升全社会对转型路径的认知，即如何通过变革生活方式、组织形态与社会结构，构建真正具备长期可持续性的低碳未来。本中心将聚焦作为变革主体的个体，围绕四大直接影响气候变化但长期难以推动变革的日常生活领域展开研究：实体商品消费、食品与膳食、出行，以及采暖/制冷。我们将跨多尺度（个体、社区、组织、国家与全球层面）开展研究，识别并试验各类可推动上述领域实现长效变革的路径。其中，我们将重点验证聚焦“协同效益（co-benefits）”能否有效加快变革步伐。协同效益指的是相较于减少温室气体排放所带来的基础收益，额外为个体与社会创造的具有价值的成果。这类效益包括提升健康与福祉、减少废弃物、改善空气质量、增强社会公平性、提升保障水平与可负担性，以及增强应对未来气候变化的适应与响应能力。例如，选择低碳出行方式（如骑行与共享汽车）可带来健康、社交与经济层面的收益，这些收益对于推动个体行为转变与政策调整至关重要。同样，将环境与社会目标与经济目标相协调，对于企业内部的行为与组织变革而言同样关键。本中心的四大研究主题明确，推动变革性转型需要：其一，构建兼具感召力与可行性的未来愿景；其二，从过往与当前的社会转型中汲取经验教训；其三，试验多样化的社会变革模式；其四，与社区、企业及政府开展深入且持续的互动，并建立契合本中心研究目标、推动实践落地的研究文化。本中心将整合社会科学与自然科学各学科的学术知识与实践洞察，以产生广泛的社会影响。我们的研究团队汇聚了在气候变化行为、出行选择与治理领域具备世界领先水平的专家学者。我们将运用多元理论与研究方法，填补我们在不同空间与社会尺度下对转型进程认知的关键空白，并阐释如何将干预措施精准靶向至具有影响力的行动、群体与时间节点。