CRONOS2 W2

The CROss-National Online Survey 2 (CRONOS-2) is the world’s first large scale, cross-national, probability-based input-harmonised web panel. It took place in 2021-23 and was fielded in 12 countries - Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom - from November 2021 until March 2023. At the end of the main ESS Round 10 (2020-22) questionnaire, respondents in each of the 12 countries were invited to participate in the online panel across six waves (only waves 1 and 2 were completed in Hungary). Questions for cross-national waves 1, 2, 4 and 5 were selected for inclusion following an open competition. Respondents were asked country-specific questions during waves 3 and 6 (country-specific waves), composed by ESS national teams in each country. For the first time, a longitudinal component was added to the ESS via the CRONOS-2 (the modules on drivers of institutional trust, COVID-19 vaccination, perception of surveys, and financial wellbeing included this). CRONOS-2 aimed to lay the foundations for a European Social Survey web panel, increasing web-interviewing capacity across Europe and developing a mature web interviewing infrastructure. It also aimed to provide the academic, research and user community with additional substantive, high-quality, comparative data to complement existing ESS data. CRONOS-2 was developed following a harmonised methodological approach, maintaining survey characteristics across countries. The main aim was to prevent methodological variations amongst countries that could potentially affect measures and confound data analysis and interpretation in a comparative setting. Regarding the recruitment process, we implemented a piggy-backing approach, using an existing survey infrastructure that followed the same harmonisation principle. The main advantages of this approach concern the maximisation of the investments of the main ‘parent’ face-to-face survey, the reduction of panel recruitment costs, and the possibility to draw on trained interviewers. The panel target population was adults (18+), who have access to internet (those without internet access were not invited to join the panel), living in private households in Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Participants were recruited after participating in ESS Round 10 (2020-22). This choice allowed recruitment of panel members from random probability samples.跨国网络调查2（Cross-National Online Survey 2，简称CRONOS-2）是全球首个大规模、跨国、基于概率抽样且输入数据协调统一的网络面板（web panel）。该项目实施于2021至2023年间，于2021年11月至2023年3月期间在12个国家开展实地调研，包括奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典及英国。 在欧洲社会调查（European Social Survey，以下简称ESS）第10轮（2020-2022年）主问卷的末尾，12个国家的所有受访者均被邀请参与该网络面板的6轮调查——匈牙利仅完成了第1、2轮调查。 跨国层面的第1、2、4、5轮调查题目通过公开征集方式遴选确定。而在第3、6轮（国别专属轮次）调查中，受访者需回答各国专属题目，此类题目由各国的ESS国家团队负责编制。 CRONOS-2首次为ESS引入了纵向追踪组件，其中涵盖制度信任动因、新冠疫苗接种、调查感知及财务福祉等相关模块。 CRONOS-2旨在为欧洲社会调查网络面板奠定基础，提升欧洲范围内的网络访谈能力，并搭建成熟的网络访谈基础设施。同时，该项目还旨在为学术、科研及用户群体提供额外的高质量、可比较的实质性数据，以补充现有ESS数据集。 CRONOS-2采用统一的方法论框架进行开发，确保各国的调研特征保持一致。其核心目标是避免各国间出现方法论差异——此类差异可能会对测量结果产生影响，并在比较研究场景中干扰数据分析与解读。 在招募环节中，项目采用了搭载式招募策略，依托遵循同一协调原则的现有调研基础设施开展工作。该方案的主要优势在于：最大化利用主体“母体”面对面调查的既有投入、降低网络面板的招募成本，同时可依托经过培训的访员资源。 该网络面板的目标人群为居住在奥地利、比利时、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典及英国私人家庭中的成年网民：年满18周岁且能够使用互联网，无互联网接入权限者未被邀请加入面板。 调研参与者均在参与过ESS第10轮（2020-2022年）调查后招募而来，这一招募方式确保了面板成员可从随机概率抽样样本中选取。