THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF ANCIENT KHWARAZMIAN ARCHITECTURE

This article examines the formation of ancient Khwarazmian architecture, its principal stages of development, and its distinctive characteristics. It explores the evolution of residential and defensive architecture beginning in the Bronze Age, the development of fortresses and urban planning during the Iron Age, the construction of monumental palaces and temples in the Classical (Antique) period, and the emergence of religious and public buildings during the Medieval period. Using archaeological monuments such as Topraq-Qala, Koy-Krylgan-Qala, and Ayaz-Qala as case studies, the article highlights the integration of local architectural traditions with external cultural influences. It argues that the architectural heritage of ancient Khwarazm played a significant role not only in the historical and cultural development of the region but also in the formation of the architectural traditions of Central Asia as a whole.