Data from: seed dispersal by frugivores without seed swallowing: evaluating the contributions of stomatochoric seed dispersers

We searched for published articles reporting stomatochory observations using Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. Searches included the words “seed carrying” or “pulp predators” or “pulp consumers” or “pulp feeders” or "stomatochory". We scanned the titles and abstracts of the papers to determine if they were likely to include information on stomatochory and extracted the appropriate information from the full paper. We also used these papers to identify taxa that regularly consumed pulp-only or often carried seeds away from parent crowns and conducted more intensive searches on these taxa (mainly primates, rodents, bats, parrots, corvids). We excluded papers on synzoochory and only included papers documenting carrying of fruits for the immediate consumption of pulp (e.g., by squirrels), or seeds (e.g., husking stations of rats). Ruminants are also identified as “seed spitters”, but in these cases seeds are transported in the rumen and are a form of endozoochory so are not considered here (Delibes et al. 2019). For each stomatochory interaction between animal species and plant species we recorded details on the type of stomatochory behaviour: (i) spat (seed stored within the mouth or cheek pouches, and then spat out once pulp is removed. The seed/s might be spat with mouthfuls of fruit fibre) (Aziz et al., 2021; Lambert, 1999), (ii) dropped (fruit is carried in the mouth, beak or by the feet (Tella et al. 2020) and pulp is removed externally, before the seed is dropped, or the seed might be dropped incidentally while traveling (Aziz et al. 2021, Blanco et al. 2015). We only recorded an interaction when the animal had been recorded to remove a seed from the vicinity of the parent plant on at least one occasion. The searches generated many papers of pulp feeding of birds, but only rarely was seed removal confirmed to occur; hence, these interactions were not included in the database. When available, we also recorded details on intact rate (how many handled seeds were deposited undamaged), proportion of seeds removed beyond the canopy area, seed dispersal distances, seed germination, fruit and seed size, plant life-form and fruit-type; the trait data for plants was supplemented by searching for information from other sources. When a choice of data summary was available (e.g., for dispersal distance) we preferentially used medians, but some values represent mean since this was the only value available. We also collected data on germination tests for endozoochoric interactions involving cercopithecine primates and bats, as a comparison to the stomatochory data. Literature cited Aziz, S.A., McConkey, K.R., Tanalgo, K., Sritongchuay, T., Low, M.-R., Yong, J.Y., Mildenstein, T.L., Nuevo-Diego, C.E., Lim, V.-C., Racey, P.A., 2021. The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.641411 Blanco, G., Hiraldo, F., Rojas, A., Denes, F. V., Tella, J. L. 2015. Parrots as key multilinkers in ecosystem structure and functioning. Ecology and Evolution 5: 4141-4160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1663 Delibes M., Castaneda I, Fedriani J. M. 2019. Spitting seeds from the cud: a review of an endozoochory exclusive to ruminants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00265 Lambert, J.E., 1999. Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit‐processing strategies and seed dispersal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109, 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199907)109:365 Tella, J.L., Hiraldo, F., Pacífico, E., Díaz-Luque, J.A., Dénes, F.V., Fontoura, F.M., Guedes, N., Blanco, G., 2020. Conserving the diversity of ecological interactions: The role of two threatened macaw species as legitimate dispersers of “megafaunal” fruits. Diversity 12, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12020045

我们通过Google Scholar、Web of Science与Scopus三大学术数据库，检索报道食囊传播（stomatochory）观测结果的已发表文献，检索词涵盖“种子携带”“果肉捕食者”“果肉取食者”“果肉采食者”以及“stomatochory”。我们首先扫描论文的标题与摘要，判断其是否可能包含食囊传播相关信息，随后从全文中提取所需的有效内容。
我们还借助上述文献，筛选出专门仅取食果肉、或是常将种子带离母株冠幅的类群，并针对这些类群（主要包括灵长类、啮齿类、蝙蝠、鹦鹉、鸦科鸟类）开展了更具针对性的补充检索。
本研究排除有关综合动物传播（synzoochory）的文献，仅收录那些记录了为即时取食果肉（例如松鼠的取食行为）或是种子（例如啮齿类的取食台行为）而携带果实的研究。反刍动物虽被归类为“种子吐出者”，但此类案例中种子经由瘤胃进行传播，属于动物体内传播（endozoochory）范畴，因此未纳入本数据集（Delibes等，2019）。
针对动物物种与植物物种之间的每一例食囊传播互作，我们记录了食囊传播行为的具体类型：(i) 吐出型：种子被存储于口腔或颊囊内，待果肉去除后被吐出，吐出的种子可能混杂有果肉纤维（Aziz等，2021；Lambert，1999）；(ii) 掉落型：果实通过口腔、喙部或足部携带（Tella等，2020），待外部去除果肉后，种子被丢弃；或是在移动过程中意外掉落种子（Aziz等，2021；Blanco等，2015）。仅当该动物至少有一次被记录将种子带离母株周边区域时，该互作才会被纳入本数据库。本次检索得到了大量关于鸟类果肉取食的文献，但仅有极少数研究证实存在种子移除行为，因此此类互作未被纳入本数据集。
若有相关数据，我们还会记录以下详细信息：种子完好率（即经处理后完好无损的种子占比）、被带离母株冠幅区域的种子比例、种子传播距离、种子萌发率、果实与种子尺寸、植物生活型以及果实类型；植物的性状数据通过检索其他公开来源进行补充完善。当存在多种数据汇总方式可供选择时（例如传播距离），我们优先采用中位数；但部分数据仅能获取均值，因此以均值呈现。此外，我们还收集了猕猴亚科灵长类与蝙蝠参与的动物体内传播（endozoochory）互作的萌发试验数据，用于与食囊传播数据进行对照比较。

参考文献：
Aziz, S.A., McConkey, K.R., Tanalgo, K., Sritongchuay, T., Low, M.-R., Yong, J.Y., Mildenstein, T.L., Nuevo-Diego, C.E., Lim, V.-C., Racey, P.A., 2021. The Critical Importance of Old World Fruit Bats for Healthy Ecosystems and Economies. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.641411
Blanco, G., Hiraldo, F., Rojas, A., Denes, F. V., Tella, J. L. 2015. Parrots as key multilinkers in ecosystem structure and functioning. Ecology and Evolution 5: 4141-4160. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1663
Delibes M., Castaneda I, Fedriani J. M. 2019. Spitting seeds from the cud: a review of an endozoochory exclusive to ruminants. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00265
Lambert, J.E., 1999. Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit‐processing strategies and seed dispersal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109, 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199907)109:365
Tella, J.L., Hiraldo, F., Pacífico, E., Díaz-Luque, J.A., Dénes, F.V., Fontoura, F.M., Guedes, N., Blanco, G., 2020. Conserving the diversity of ecological interactions: The role of two threatened macaw species as legitimate dispersers of "megafaunal" fruits. Diversity 12, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12020045