Absolute chronology of cremation burials from the hunter-gatherer Stone Age cemetery at Dudka in Masuria (NE-Poland)

Data set include results of AMS measurements - 14C Age (yrBP) of cremation burials at Dudka site along with calibrated age (cal. BC) and detailed osteological and archaeological data concerning bone samples taken to measurements as well as the grave or context from which it was found. All results of radiocarbon measurements were obtained thanks to NCN grant project: Absolute chronology of burials and loose human bones from the hunter-gatherer Stone Age sites Dudka and Szczepanki in Masuria (NE-Poland) (Grant no. 2020/39/B/HS3/02375). Tables include self-made osteological analyses of bone material, which were conducted for the Master and PhD thesis, and were elaborated and up-dated for the project purposes. The radiocarbon AMS measurements were made for all graves and deposits of cremated remains which contained the suitable bone material for AMS measurements, i.e. heavily burned white bones. In the case of graves or deposits where bones of different individuals were mixed together one bone was taken for analyses. Measurements were taken also for loose human bones from the cemetery area (trench VI) as well as from settlement zone (trench III) at Dudka site, if only the skeleton was burned in sufficient way.22 heavily burned human bones (each one from a different individual) were selected and submitted for measurements. Two bone samples could not be measured, because they did not contain sufficient apatite of good quality. AMS measurements were finally made for 20 samples. AMS measurements of cremated bones were made in the Centre for Isotope Research of the University of Groningen.According to the laboratory report following methods to obtain the reliable results were used: “Pretreatment and measurement description The applied pretreatment and measurement method of the bones and cremated bone samples is described in Dee et al., 2020 (“Radiocarbon Dating at Groningen: New and updated chemical pretreatment procedures. Radiocarbon, 62(1): 63-74”). Cremated bone was chemically pretreated with bleach and acetic acid to an apatite fraction and then pretreated to CO2. After the CO2 extraction, the CO2 is fired overnight in Sulfix at 220 °C, whereby sulfur compounds are removed from the CO2 (purification step). This Sulfix itself was first fired overnight with O2 at 220°C to remove any carbon pollution. The background material and a reference material included in the same series as the apatite samples undergo the same procedure as the apatite samples. The background material is measured 3 › 4 to correct for any added (non-fossil) contaminants in the lab process. The reported uncertainty in the measured values does not only include the spread in the instrument measurement itself, but also the variation in the measurement result that arises due to variations in the pretreatment and measurement of (sub) samples (of the same composition and comparable size).”Calibrated BC dates (95% confidence intervals) provided in the table are based on: OxCal v.4.4.4 (Bronk Ramsey 2021r), IntCal20 curve (Reimer et al. 2020).

本数据集包含杜德卡（Dudka）遗址火葬墓葬的加速器质谱（AMS, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry）测量结果——14C年龄（单位为yrBP，即距今年份），同时附带校正后的公元前年代（cal. BC）、用于测量的骨样本的详细骨学与考古学数据，以及样本出土的墓葬或地层背景信息。
所有碳十四测年结果均得益于波兰国家科学中心（NCN, National Science Centre）的资助项目：《波兰东北部马祖里地区狩猎采集石器时代遗址杜德卡与什切潘基的墓葬及零散人骨的绝对年代学研究》（项目编号：2020/39/B/HS3/02375）。
本数据集包含为硕士及博士论文开展的自制骨学分析结果，该分析经整理与更新以适配本项目需求。
针对所有含有适用于AMS测量的骨材料（即严重灼烧的白色骨骼）的墓葬与焚骸遗存开展了AMS测年。若墓葬或遗存中混合了不同个体的骨骼，则仅选取一块骨骼进行分析。同时，针对杜德卡遗址墓地VI探方的零散人骨，以及III探方的居住区遗存开展了测年，前提是骨骼灼烧程度满足测试要求。
本次共选取22块来自不同个体的严重灼烧人骨送检。其中2块样本因未获得足够质量合格的磷灰石成分而未能完成测量，最终完成AMS测量的样本共20份。
焚骨的AMS测量工作均在格罗宁根大学同位素研究中心完成。
根据实验室报告，为获得可靠结果采用了如下流程："预处理与测量方法说明 本次骨骼及焚骨样本的预处理与测量方法详见Dee等人2020年发表的论文《Radiocarbon Dating at Groningen: New and updated chemical pretreatment procedures. Radiocarbon, 62(1): 63-74》。首先通过漂白剂与乙酸对焚骨进行化学预处理，得到磷灰石组分，随后将其转化为二氧化碳。提取二氧化碳后，将其置于Sulfix装置中于220℃下灼烧过夜，以去除二氧化碳中的硫化物杂质（纯化步骤）。Sulfix装置本身需先在220℃下通氧灼烧过夜，以去除装置内残留的含碳污染物。同批次中的背景材料与参考材料将与磷灰石样本采用完全一致的处理流程。背景材料需进行3~4次测量，以校正实验室流程中引入的额外（非化石）污染物。报告中测量值的不确定度不仅包含仪器本身的测量离散度，还包括因同组成、相近尺寸的子样本在预处理与测量过程中的差异所导致的结果偏差。"
表格中给出的校正后公元前年代（95%置信区间）基于OxCal v.4.4.4软件（Bronk Ramsey 2021r）与IntCal20年代校准曲线（Reimer et al. 2020）得到。