Contextual study variables and coding.

One in eight individuals globally suffers from mental health challenges. Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those reliant on rainfed agriculture, are especially vulnerable due to mounting ecological stress and socio-economic instability. Despite this, limited evidence exists on how food insecurity and climate change resilience (resilience), both independently and jointly, impact their mental health. Guided by the Social Determinants of Mental Health (SDMH) framework, this study explores these associations in the context of northern Ghana. We used cross-sectional survey data (n = 1,033) and applied ordered logistic regression techniques. Findings show that food insecurity (OR = 4.8, p