Association between Arsenophonus strains and insecticide resistance in Nilaparvata lugens

Two distinct Arsenophonus genotypes in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest insect in Asian countries that causes significant economic damage through rice crop destruction. One strain had a neutral effect on host resistance to insecticide (N-type), while the other, rarely observed strain had a sensitizing effect through reduction of insecticide resistance (S-type).