An integrated single-cell transcriptomic and microbiome dataset of orbital adipose tissue in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune orbitopathy characterized by inflammation and adipogenesis within orbital adipose tissue (OAT). While the contribution of immune cell infiltration and fibroblast activation is recognized, the cellular heterogeneity and the potential role of local microbial dysbiosis in the orbital microenvironment remain poorly defined. Here, we present a parallel dataset derived from OAT of patients with TAO and healthy controls collected at Beijing Tongren Hospital. The dataset comprises single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data generated from human orbital adipose tissue, capturing the transcriptomic landscape of orbital fibroblasts, immune subsets, and vascular cells. In parallel, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on orbital adipose tissue samples collected from the same study cohort, alongside environmental negative controls, to characterize the low-biomass orbital microbiome. Raw sequencing reads, quality-controlled gene-expression matrices, and contamination-corrected microbial feature tables are provided. Our dataset provides an opportunity to investigate the crosstalk between host cellular immunity and potential local microbiome signatures, facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets for TAO.