Data for "Nepotism masks reciprocity in cooperation networks"

The first dataset contains 1703 observations of mandrill allogrooming collected between July 2014 and June 2015 from 10 sexually mature female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) in a group that also included two mature males. The second dataset contains 737 observations of macaque allogrooming collected between April and November 1996 from 22 sexually mature female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in a group of 71 that also included mature males and juveniles. Both studies were conducted on animals living at the Rome Zoo (Bioparco) in Italy. An observer recorded the duration of all female-female grooming episodes involving the focal subject, either as actor or recipient. All female subjects were available as potential grooming partners throughout the study. Kinship was based on maternal pedigrees. The third dataset includes 563 regurgitated food-sharing donations in common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from previous studies (Carter and Wilkinson 2013a; Carter and Wilkinson 2013b; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Food sharing was induced by fasting a subject then watching it for one or two hours from December 2010 through July 2014 (for details, see Carter and Wilkinson 2013b; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Each donation was estimated by the total seconds that the unfed subject licked the mouth of a fed groupmate per hour of observation. We only included individuals in our analysis if they were fasted at some point during the study and hence could have been receivers. Over the course of the study period, the number of potential donors ranged from 19 to 36, and we accounted for this in our permutation procedure by providing a list of potential donors that were present and had fed, for each observation. Kinship was estimated using a maternal pedigree and maximum likelihood estimates applied to genotypes of 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers (for details see Carter and Wilkinson 2015).

首个数据集包含2014年7月至2015年6月间采集的1703条山魈互理毛（allogrooming）行为观测记录，数据采自包含2只成年雄性的山魈（Mandrillus sphinx）种群，观测对象为其中10只性成熟雌性个体。第二个数据集包含1996年4月至11月间采集的737条猕猴互理毛行为观测记录，数据采自总规模为71只的日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）种群，观测对象为其中22只性成熟雌性个体，该种群同时包含成年雄性与幼年个体。两项研究均在意大利罗马动物园（Bioparco）开展。观察者记录了以目标个体作为施理者或受理者的所有雌-雌互理毛互动时长；所有雌性个体在整个研究周期内均可作为潜在理毛伙伴。亲缘关系基于母系谱系判定。第三个数据集包含来自既往研究（Carter与Wilkinson，2013a；Carter与Wilkinson，2013b；Carter与Wilkinson，2015）的563条普通吸血蝠（Desmodus rotundus）反刍食物共享记录。食物共享实验通过禁食目标个体后，于2010年12月至2014年7月期间对其进行1至2小时的观察完成（详细实验细节参见Carter与Wilkinson，2013b；Carter与Wilkinson，2015）。每份共享行为的时长以每小时观测时长内，未进食个体舔食已进食群伴口腔的总秒数进行估算。本分析仅纳入研究期间曾被禁食、因此可作为食物接收者的个体。在整个研究周期内，潜在食物捐赠者的数量介于19至36之间；我们在置换检验流程中，为每一条观测记录提供了当时在场且已进食的潜在捐赠者列表，以此控制该变量的影响。亲缘关系通过母系谱系结合针对19个多态性微卫星标记（microsatellite marker）基因型的最大似然估计值进行估算（详细分析方法参见Carter与Wilkinson，2015）。