Confidence indicators by sector

<p>Five monthly confidence indicators for the sectors industry, services, retail trade, construction and consumers are produced by the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN) of the European Commission to reflect economic perceptions and expectations. The surveys are implemented in the European Union (EU) and in the candidate countries, and addressed to representatives of the industry (manufacturing), services, retail trade and construction sectors, as well as to consumers. Confidence indicators are produced as arithmetic average of the (seasonally adjusted) balances of answers to selected questions chosen from the whole set of questions in each individual survey; balances series are the difference between positive and negative answering options, measured as percentage points of total answers. Monthly confidence indicators are produced monthly at country, EU and euro area level for all sectors but financial services, which covers the EU and the euro area only. Data are seasonally adjusted (SA). For more details on the methods used by DG ECFIN in the computation of confidence indicators, please refer to the user <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/surveys/documents/methodological_guidelines/bcs_user_guide.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">guide</a> of The Joint Harmonised EU Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys. Source: DG ECFIN</p><p>欧盟委员会经济与金融事务总司（Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs，简称DG ECFIN）编制了覆盖工业、服务业、零售业、建筑业及消费者五大领域的月度信心指数，用以反映市场的经济感知与预期。本次调查覆盖欧盟（EU）及候选成员国，调查对象涵盖工业（制造业）、服务业、零售业、建筑业领域的从业者代表，以及普通消费者。信心指数为各单项调查中，从全部问卷题目中遴选的特定问题的（经季节调整（Seasonally Adjusted，SA））答复平衡值的算术平均值；答复平衡值指正向与负向答复选项的差值，以总答复量的百分点表示。月度信心指数按月度频次编制，覆盖所有国家、欧盟及欧元区层面的除金融服务业外的各领域，其中金融服务业仅覆盖欧盟与欧元区范围。所有数据均经过季节调整。若需了解DG ECFIN编制信心指数所用方法的更多细节，请查阅《欧盟商业与消费者调查联合协调计划用户指南》，可通过以下链接访问：<a href="https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/surveys/documents/methodological_guidelines/bcs_user_guide.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">指南文档</a>。数据来源：DG ECFIN</p>