The case of the Paraisópolis Complex management: conceptual differences of the slums intervention programs in São Paulo

Abstract The paper presents and analyzes the urban interventions led by the government in Paraisópolis Complex, São Paulo, in the period between 2001-2016, during the administrations of Marta Suplicy (2001-2004), José Serra (2005-2006), Gilberto Kassab (2006-2012) and Fernando Haddad (2013-2016). Paraisópolis Complex is the second largest slum in São Paulo, with approximately 60,000 people and about 18,000 households. The area was an old farmhouse, which in 1921 was split in 2,200 lots. The road structure, unsuited to topography, resulted in slope greater than 40%, imparing the occupation of lots, invaded since 1970. We present the urban interventions carried out in Paraisópolis during four municipal administrations, qualitatively analyze the differences and similarities between them, to understand and characterize the recent practices of the government. Our results, especially the specializations of the interventions, made it possible to perceive the difficulties and fragility involved in the intervention dynamics in precarious settlements, since many projects represent, in practice, forced evictions because they constitute incomplete actions. Thus, through the analysis of Paraisópolis, this paper discusses the major impasses, limits and social implications that limit restrict the effectiveness of intervention programs in slums, which are still extraterritorial issues, mostly political.

摘要：本论文呈现并剖析了2001年至2016年间，巴西圣保罗市帕拉伊索波利斯棚户区（Paraisópolis Complex）所推行的政府城市干预举措，覆盖玛尔塔·苏普西（Marta Suplicy，2001-2004年）、若泽·塞拉（José Serra，2005-2006年）、吉尔贝托·卡萨斯（Gilberto Kassab，2006-2012年）与费尔南多·阿达德（Fernando Haddad，2013-2016年）四届市政当局的执政周期。帕拉伊索波利斯是圣保罗第二大贫民窟，聚居约6万人口、1.8万户家庭。该区域最初为一处老旧农庄，1921年被划分为2200块地块。由于道路结构与地形适配性极差，导致地块所在区域坡度超过40%，严重阻碍了合法开发，该区域自1970年起便遭非法侵占。
本研究梳理了四届市政当局在帕拉伊索波利斯实施的全部城市干预举措，对其间的差异与共性展开质性分析，旨在理解并刻画当地政府近年的城市干预实践特征。研究结果，尤其是干预举措的专项化倾向，使我们得以洞悉非正规定居点干预进程中存在的困境与脆弱性：实践中诸多项目因仅为不完整的行动方案，本质上等同于强制驱逐。
据此，本论文通过帕拉伊索波利斯的案例分析，探讨了制约贫民窟干预项目成效的核心僵局、局限与社会影响——这类问题至今仍属于治理域外范畴，且多带有政治属性。