The Success of the Montreal Protocol for Climate Mitigation: Antarctica Ozone hole Recovery Perspective

The monitoring of the ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere began in the 1970s due to its absorbing nature of radiation from the Sun, which is harmful to humans and prevents it from reaching the surface of the Earth. However, considerable global attention has been drawn after the finding of the ozone hole, which is associated with a significant drop in total columnar ozone (TCO), specifically a fall in stratospheric ozone (SO) during the spring of 1984. Since then, numerous studies on the Antarctic ozone hole have been conducted following the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol (the ozone treaties) to sustain the ozone layer. In response to this, the Montreal Protocol was developed under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to protect the thinning of the ozone layer. With 197 participating nations, it is a substantial step toward universal ratification. Towards this, the present study utilized TCO data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Nimbus-7/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), TOMS-Earth Probe, and Aura/Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) sensors at various time periods. Due to the varied spatial resolution of the missions, daily data were resampled to 1˚×1˚ (latitude × longitude) and generated daily unified spatial resolution matrixes. S.No. Parameter Sensor Data Period Resolution in degrees (Latitude × Longitude) Data Resource 1 Total Columnar Ozone (TCO) NIMBUS-7/TOMS 1979-1993 1°×1.25° https://earthdata.nasa.gov/ 2 TOMS-EP 1996-2005 1°×1.25° https://earthdata.nasa.gov/ 3 AURA/OMI 2004-2020 0.25°×0.25° https://earthdata.nasa.gov/ 4 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) emissions 1985-2015 Global data https://ourworldindata.org

地球大气臭氧监测始于20世纪70年代，这源于臭氧可吸收对人体有害的太阳辐射，并阻止其抵达地球表面。1984年春季观测到总柱臭氧（Total Columnar Ozone, TCO）显著下降、平流层臭氧（Stratospheric Ozone, SO）大幅减少的臭氧空洞后，这一问题引发了全球广泛关注。自彼时起，学界围绕南极臭氧空洞开展了大量研究，并遵循《维也纳公约》及其《蒙特利尔议定书》（臭氧条约）以保护臭氧层。作为应对举措，联合国环境规划署（United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP）框架下制定了《蒙特利尔议定书》，以遏制臭氧层变薄进程；该议定书现有197个缔约国，是全球普遍批准臭氧层保护协定的重要进展。

本研究采用了美国国家航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA）多台传感器获取的总柱臭氧数据，涵盖不同时段的Nimbus-7/总臭氧测绘光谱仪（Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, TOMS）、TOMS-地球探测器（TOMS-Earth Probe, TOMS-EP）以及Aura/臭氧监测仪器（Ozone Monitoring Instrument, OMI）传感器数据。鉴于各任务的空间分辨率存在差异，研究将每日数据重采样至1°×1°（纬度×经度），并生成了统一空间分辨率的每日矩阵。

各传感器及数据参数详情如下：
1. 总柱臭氧（TCO）：搭载于NIMBUS-7卫星的TOMS传感器，数据时段为1979-1993年，空间分辨率为1°×1.25°，数据来源：https://earthdata.nasa.gov/
2. TOMS-EP传感器：数据时段为1996-2005年，空间分辨率为1°×1.25°，数据来源：https://earthdata.nasa.gov/
3. Aura卫星搭载的OMI传感器：数据时段为2004-2020年，空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°，数据来源：https://earthdata.nasa.gov/
4. 消耗臭氧层物质（Ozone Depleting Substances, ODS）排放数据：全球尺度数据集，数据时段为1985-2015年，数据来源：https://ourworldindata.org/