One-stage spatial mark-resight analysis reveals an increasing grizzly bear population with declining density near roads

Wildlife ecologists throughout the world strive to monitor trends in population abundance to help manage wildlife populations and conserve species at risk. Spatial capture-recapture studies are the gold standard for monitoring density, yet they can be difficult to apply because researchers must be able to distinguish all detected individuals. Spatial mark-resight (SMR) models only require a subset of the population to be marked and identifiable. Recent advances in SMR models with radio-collared animals required a two-staged analysis. We developed a one-stage generalized SMR (gSMR) model that used detection histories of marked and unmarked animals in a single analysis. We used simulations to assess the performance of one- and two-stage gSMR models. We then applied the one-stage gSMR with telemetry and remote camera data to estimate grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) abundance from 2012 to 2023 within the Canadian Rocky Mountains. We estimated abundance trends for the population and reproductive..., The gSMR models combine remote camera detections of marked animals, unmarked animals, and telemetry data to estimate the baseline detection rate, home range scale parameter, and spatially explicit estimates of density. Our study area encompassed 15,483 km2 and included Banff, Kootenay, and Yoho Nation Parks and the Ya Ha Tinda ecosystem within the Rocky Mountains of Canada. The remote camera data contains detection histories from 25 marked, radio-collared grizzly bears and detections of unmarked grizzly bears recorded at 625 remote cameras from 2012 to 2021. Telemetry data contains daily global positioning system (GPS) locations from fifteen female and ten male grizzly bears. We provide source code to estimate spatial and temporal trends in grizzly bear density as well as the density of female grizzly bears with cubs of the year. We describe each data set and associated attributes in tbl_DataDescription_2023-11-13.csv. , , # Data from: Grizzly bear spatial mark-resight analysis reveals a stable population with declining densities near roads

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.g79cnp5wv](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.g79cnp5wv)

## Description of the data and file structure

*tbl_DataDescription_2023-11-13.csv* provides a description of all data sets and column attributes for grizzly bear gSMR analysis. Here is a summary of each data set.

| **DataSet** | **Description** |
| :------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| tbl\_specs.csv | table of constants used for models |
| pix\_xy.csv | table of pixel coordinates with spatial attributes. 4 km spacing. ...,