Land use and land cover (LULC) data of the Hola Basin in 2022

Based on remote sensing images of Gaofen–1, Gaofen–2, and Gaofen–6, the 2022 LULC data for the Hola Basin were extracted through visual interpretations, focusing on image features, such as tone, geometry, and texture. This analysis identified eight distinct periods of LULC changes to study the progression of engineering activities in the Hola Basin. LULC types were categorized into natural and engineered lands. Natural lands were further divided into forested land (forest, shrubland, sparse-land, and forest farms), grasslands (ranging from high to low coverage and bare land), and water bodies (rivers, lakes, pit-ponds, and wetlands). Engineered lands included infrastructures, such as roads (railways, highways, and mining roads) and buildings and mining areas (surface stripping mines, mine slag hills, mine-created wetlands, and mine water bodies).