Dataset of reclassified national economic accounts and useful exergy prices for Portugal from 1960 to 2014.

This dataset supports the article “An aggregate price for energy services: Useful exergy as an intermediate flow in a two-sector model of the economy” published in Ecological Economics (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108665). It provides a harmonized set of macroeconomic and biophysical time series for Portugal covering the period 1960–2014, constructed to implement a two-sector economic model with an extended energy sector (E-Sector) and a non-energy sector (NE-Sector).

The dataset combines reclassified national accounts with final and useful exergy balances in order to estimate consistent prices for useful exergy (energy services) treated as an intermediate input to production rather than as a primary factor. Macroeconomic variables are derived from official sources (AMECO, EUROSTAT, Banco de Portugal, EU KLEMS) and reallocated across sectors following the accounting framework described in the associated paper. These include sectoral consumption, investment, capital stocks, labor inputs, gross operating surplus, compensation of employees, taxes, trade flows, and gross value added, all expressed in nominal monetary units.

Energy and exergy variables are based on detailed national energy balances and extended exergy accounting, including primary, final, and useful exergy flows by energy carrier, economic activity, and end-use. Useful exergy estimates incorporate second-law (final-to-useful) conversion efficiencies and cover conventional energy carriers as well as food, feed for working animals, and other non-conventional sources, following established societal exergy accounting methods.

The dataset also includes derived indicators, such as aggregate final-to-useful exergy efficiency, sectoral exergy uses, intermediate payments for useful exergy, and demand-side and supply-side prices of useful exergy, enabling replication of all main quantitative results presented in the paper.

All variables are documented with clear definitions, units, and sectoral allocation rules. The dataset is intended for reuse in research on ecological and biophysical economics, energy–economy interactions, growth theory, integrated assessment modeling, and long-run energy service pricing.