Data from: The evolution of floral sonication, a pollen foraging behavior used by bees (Anthophila)

Over 22,000 species of biotically pollinated flowering plants, including some major agricultural crops, depend primarily on bees capable of floral sonication for pollination services. The ability to sonicate (“buzz”) flowers is widespread in bees but not ubiquitous. Despite the prevalence of this pollinator behavior and its importance to natural and agricultural systems, the evolutionary history of floral sonication in bees has not been previously studied. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of floral sonication in bees by generating a time-calibrated phylogeny and reconstructing ancestral states for this pollen extraction behavior. We also test the hypothesis that the ability to sonicate flowers and thereby efficiently access pollen from a diverse assemblage of plant species, led to increased diversification amongst sonicating bee taxa. We find that floral sonication evolved on average 45 times within bees, possibly first during the Early Cretaceous (100-145 million years ago) in the common ancestor of bees. We find that sonicating lineages are significantly more species rich than non-sonicating sister lineages when comparing sister clades, but a probabilistic structured rate permutation on phylogenies approach failed to support the hypothesis that floral sonication is a key driver of bee diversification. This study provides the evolutionary framework needed to further study how floral sonication by bees may have facilitated the spread and common evolution of angiosperm species with poricidal floral morphology.全球共有超过22000种依赖生物传粉的被子植物（Angiosperm），其中涵盖若干核心农业作物，其传粉服务主要由具备花部超声振摇（floral sonication）能力的蜂类提供。振摇花朵（即俗称的“嗡嗡授粉”）的能力在蜂类类群中广泛分布，但并非所有蜂类都具备该性状。尽管这一传粉行为的分布十分普遍，且其对自然生态系统与农业生产系统均具有关键意义，但学界此前尚未针对蜂类花部超声振摇行为的演化历史开展系统性研究。本研究通过构建时间校准的系统发育树（time-calibrated phylogeny），并重建该花粉获取行为的祖先性状状态，还原了蜂类花部超声振摇行为的完整演化历程。我们同时检验了如下科学假说：具备花部超声振摇能力、进而能够高效获取多样植物类群的花粉，可提升振摇蜂类类群的物种分化速率。研究结果显示，花部超声振摇行为在蜂类演化历程中平均独立发生了45次，其起源最早可能追溯至白垩纪早期（1亿至1.45亿年前），即蜂类共同祖先的演化阶段。通过对姊妹演化支进行比较分析，我们发现具备振摇能力的演化支系的物种丰富度显著高于不具备该能力的姊妹演化支系；但基于系统发育的概率结构化速率置换分析方法，并未支持“花部超声振摇行为是蜂类物种分化关键驱动因子”这一科学假说。本研究构建的演化框架，为后续探究蜂类花部超声振摇行为如何促进具有孔状花形态的被子植物类群的扩散与普遍演化提供了重要的理论基础。