Supplementary Material for: GPS-Derived Daily Mobility and Daily Well-Being in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Mobility as a multidimensional concept has rarely been examined as a day-to-day varying phenomenon in its within-person association with older adults’ daily well-being. This study examined associations between daily mobility and daily well-being in community-dwelling older adults with a set of GPS-derived mobility indicators that were representative of older adults’ daily mobility. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Participants wore a custom-built mobile GPS sensor (“uTrail”) and completed smartphone-based experience sampling questionnaires on momentary affective states (7 times per day) and daily life satisfaction (in the evening). Analyses included data across 947 days from 109 Swiss older adults aged 65–89 years. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Multilevel modeling showed that, within persons, a day with a larger life space area, more time spent in passive transport modes, and a higher number of different locations was associated with higher daily life satisfaction but not daily positive or negative affect. Follow-up analysis showed that the daily maximum distance from home was positively associated with daily life satisfaction, providing a first indication that exposure to non-habitual environments might be a possible underlying mechanism to explain the effects of mobility. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Traveling a long distance away from home and visiting diverse locations may be a way to improve life satisfaction. Results are discussed in the context of research on healthy aging.

<b><i>引言：</i></b> 流动性作为多维度概念，极少有研究将其作为随日动态变化的现象，探究其与老年成年人日常幸福感的个体内关联。本研究针对社区居住的老年群体，采用一组能够表征老年人群日常流动性的GPS衍生流动性指标，探究日常流动性与日常幸福感之间的关联。<b><i>方法：</i></b> 受试者佩戴一款定制化移动GPS传感器（"uTrail"），并通过智能手机完成体验抽样问卷：每日7次评估瞬时情绪状态，晚间评估日常生活满意度。本次分析纳入了109名年龄介于65至89岁之间的瑞士老年受试者的共计947天观测数据。<b><i>结果：</i></b> 多层模型分析结果显示，在个体内水平上，当日生活空间面积更大、被动出行时长更长、到访不同地点数量更多的受试者，其日常生活满意度更高，但与日常正负性情绪无显著关联。后续分析进一步发现，当日离家最大距离与日常生活满意度呈正相关，这首次表明，接触非习惯性环境或可成为解释流动性影响效应的潜在机制。<b><i>结论：</i></b> 长距离离家出行并到访多样地点，或可作为提升生活满意度的有效途径。本研究结果将结合健康老龄化相关研究的语境展开讨论。