Data from: A framework for simultaneous tests of abiotic, biotic, and historical drivers of species distributions: empirical tests for North American wood warblers based on climate and pollen

Understanding how abiotic, biotic and historical factors shape species distributions remains a central question in ecology, but studies linking biotic factors to continental-scale patterns remain scarce. Here, we present a novel framework for simultaneously testing patterns expected when abiotic, biotic or historical factors drive species range limits. We use ecological niche models to produce empirical estimates of the "Biotic, Abiotic, and Movement" paradigm (BAM diagrams), which previously had only been used theoretically. Based on climatic and pollen data, as well as explicit consideration of dispersal limitations, we implement the framework for a group of North American birds (Oreothlypis warblers) with clear habitat associations. Because the pollen-based predictor variables characterize vegetation, they represent biotic factors needed by each bird species. Although continental-scale patterns of distribution traditionally are attributed to abiotic factors, only one species matched the hypothesis of solely abiotic drivers. In contrast, pollen-based models indicate biotic drivers for two species, correctly predicting their absence in climatically suitable areas. These results highlight the feasibility of considering and quantifying potential effects of biotic interactions on species ranges, especial when interactions can be decoupled from abiotic factors. Furthermore, the availability of pollen data now and in the Holocene highlights the potential of these data to be used to predict range shifts of other organisms tightly dependent on particular vegetation types.

阐明非生物因子（abiotic factors）、生物因子（biotic factors）与历史因素如何塑造物种分布格局，始终是生态学领域的核心研究命题，但将生物因子与大陆尺度分布格局建立关联的研究仍较为匮乏。本研究提出一套全新的分析框架，可同时检验当非生物、生物或历史因素驱动物种分布边界时的预期格局。本研究借助生态位模型（ecological niche models），对此前仅用于理论推演的‘生物-非生物-扩散’范式（Biotic, Abiotic, and Movement paradigm，即BAM图）开展实证估算。本研究基于气候与花粉数据，并明确考量扩散限制（dispersal limitations）因素，针对一类具有明确生境关联的北美鸟类——奥瑞特莺属（Oreothlypis）鸣禽，应用了该分析框架。由于基于花粉的预测变量可表征植被特征，因此它们可代表各鸟类物种所需的生物因子。尽管传统上大陆尺度的分布格局被归因于非生物因子，但仅有一个物种符合‘仅由非生物因子驱动’的假说。与之相反，基于花粉的模型显示有两个物种受生物因子驱动，且能准确预测它们在气候适宜区域内的缺失情况。本研究结果凸显了考量并量化生物相互作用对物种分布区潜在影响的可行性，尤其是在相互作用可与非生物因子解耦的场景下。此外，当前及全新世（Holocene）时期的花粉数据可得性，凸显了这类数据在预测其他紧密依赖特定植被类型的生物的分布区位移（range shifts）方面的应用潜力。